frl fr
394
v.50 Index ^ § -»' . /lU+«» tl
,w &UUSUS ilitlll 'I
1 JJttbilr Sthnmt |
15 ..-:::;^ «'
I* '/'^"O^KA^\\ t|
f>.. 5,'W\\ "!
•;'i ii \*\ j
,jjj fr»; (An !^ 'M'A v
S M«J
(S %•-
i ^u./^ 1 ^^c^
ii %*%**,!**1
iii
I hid Vitluun1 w f KKFF.KKNCK USK
SACRHI) HOOKS OF THK BAST
! K A \ 1 X T I I »
I'.Y VARIOl'S ORIKNTAL Sr.IIOLARS
F, MAX MOLLKR
VOL. L
OXFORD AT THE ri.ARKNIX^N PRESS
1C) 10
UKNKY i'tOWU!*;, M,A,
Ttt 1HR MIVKHiltV W
{.ONhON, K!«!HtltfKtJiff HHV VctKK
A Gi
NAMKS AND SU^JfECT-MAlTKR
OF THE
SACRED HOOKS OF THE EAST
COMPILED BY M. WINTERNITZ
OF INDIAN riHM)l,OOY ANI* OF KTilNntOCW IN THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY OF
WITH A PREFACE BY A, A. MACDONELL
MtorXviOlt OP SANSKRIT IN THE UNIVERSITY (»F OXFORD
OXFORD
AT THK CLARENDON PRESS 1910
tm AT niK m«wt«w »v ii<MA<
K rc» tin,
CONTENTS
l*Rfr.*ACK *
NOTE ....... xi
LIST OF RKUC.IONS RKPRKSKNTKD IN THK S, HE. . . xv
LIST OK THE TRANSLATORS ...... xv
KKY TO AIWREVIATIONS ....... xvi
LIST OK THE VOLUMES OF THE SJi K ..... xvi
THE INDEX , . . * * . • . • 1-683
AN!> (*ORRK1EN1>A 5 NoTK ON THK EDITIONS OK
2, 4, 10 ........ 684
PREFACE BY PROFESSOR MACDONELL
TifK period covered by the inception, the publication, and the completion of the Sacred Hooks of the East exactly co- incides with the thirty-four years that I have spent in Oxford, When 1 matriculated. Professor Max Miillcr, the editor of the scries, was about to begin work on the first volume, which appeared while I was still an undergraduate, I lost no time in making his acquaintance, for it was the influence of one of his works that had stimulated me to begin under Professor Henfey the study of Sanskrit at the University of Gottingen, when I left school nearly two years before* During my under- graduate days and later 1 owed much to Professor Max Mailer's advice and encouragement In regard to my studies, which have ever since followed, as far as Sanskrit is concerned, much the lines an his* I consequently always took a lively interest In the tVaim/ /iw£$ edited by him as they successively ap- peared during the course of a quarter of a century, no fewer than thirty-six volumes having a more or less direct bearing on my own work, and fourteen of the translators being person- ally known to me* Professor Max Mttller lived to sec all but one of the forty-nine volumes published under his supervision, Now the fiftieth and concluding volume is at last finished when 1 myself have already arrived at advanced middle age* Owing to my early relations with the editor and my interest in the ever since, I am glad to have this opportunity of ac* companying with a few words by way of preface the volume
the to an end.
The of tfa East include all the most
works of the seven non-Christian religions that
a profound Influence on the civilization of the
of Asia. - Of the Indian religions the Vedio-BrSh-'
here claims twenty-one volumes^ Buddhism ten,
an4 jfttaism two* Eight volumes comprise translations of the
VUl PUKKAH*'
sacred hooks of the Persians. Two volumes reproacnt I«lum,
and six the two main indigenous systems of (*hitu, Confucian- ism and Taoism, This groat undertaking, plumed and edited by Professor Max Miillcr, has hern carried out by thr colla- boration of twenty scholars, all leading authorities in the special departments of Oriental learning to which the woiks translated by them belong. By thus rondcrinj; these rrltgunts .systems accessible as a whole to the Western world in authorita- tive translations, Professor Max M tiller for the first time placed the historical and comparative* study of religions on u hot id foundation* But with that large view of the aims and nf
scholarship which distinguished him, he saw that the invent!* gatbfi of the vast, material here collected could not bctmnti thoroughly effective without the auxiliary aid of a Index volume presenting that material thoroughly and exhaustively classified. This work he entrusted to Dr. WintcrniU, who at that time was resilient in Oxford and had l>ccn assisting him in bringing out his Mvomi edition of the JKij; m/tf with the commentary of Suyaim* The after various unavoidable delays, in the present vohuw, in which the end in view has hern most succewfully accost* » pitched by the compiler, now I*rofe»sor of Indian 1'hitology and of Kthnology in the (trrman University <*f I'raguc.
The experience of muny years hiti in*idc mtt a convinced tic* licverin the great value of full and comprehcniiivc a*
to the scholar, licit only they liii
they tc?ncl to render his
Thii is especially true at the prcieiit time, when thr t*f research has btxome IK> greatly extended in til The
view which prevailed among Oriental in my
days was very different About thirty years an •Sanskrit scholar began the publication of the of an im(x>rtant and intricate work! which when appeared without an Index. The editor to
to the that he should
who wished to consult the on arty to
be compelled to read it through* 1 fed M n
consequence of thin attitude* research hoi been in the
PREFACE IX
branch of learning to which the work in question belongs. Even in recent years I have hardly ever seen an index to Oriental works that has not seemed to me too meagre and consequently inadequate as an instrument of research. Very different b the character of the present substantial volume of 684 pages, which Professor Wintcrnitz has compiled with so much thoroughness and industry* I feel no hesitation in stating that it 2s the most comprehensive work of the kind that has yet been published. For it is not merely a complete index like vol. xxv of the recently published Imperial GMettwr of Ittdia* It also furnishes, in articles of any length) a scientific classification of the subject under various htttids, Thus, in the article on Agni? the Indian^god of fire, the material relating to that deity is arranged under no fewer than twenty-four subdivisions. Such fullness of treatment .saves the book from the inevitable dryness from which it would otherwise suffer. Indeed, its perusal will, I believe, prove interesting not only to the expert, but even to the general reader* The volume, in fact, constitutes a handbook for tlie study of Oriental religions as far as represented by the S&ertd /IM&S $f the EasL By saving the student of these volume* an immense amount of time, it will greatly lighten his labours. The methodical arrangement and the co-ordination of the vast and varied material that they contain are also cal- culated to stimulate both the historical investigation of each, the comparative study of all» of the religious systems with In the scries. Hence if I were asked to select any OIK* of the fifty volumes of the Sacred Books of the East as specially useful, 1 should certainly choose the last. The are to be congratulated on rounding off with so valuable an addition a series that reflects so much lustre on the University Press, and has contributed not a little towards itn now unrivalled position as a centre of Oriental
publication.
A, A. MACDONELL, OXKOIU),
1910*
INTRODUCTORY NOTIi BY THK AUTHOR
fifa UMli not only after they have been pub- lished, but sometimes even before they arc printed, It was in the spring of 1894 that the late Professor Max Mullcr first suggested to me that I should compile a General Index of the names and subject-matter for the complete series of the 6V&7VY/ Ihwks <>////<* /jrfj?/. Such an Index, he thought, would be a great help to all .students of the Sacred Kwks of the Ea$t> and of the greatest value for the .study of the history of reli- gions, The matter was frequently discussed between us, and we both agreed that if the Index was to be of any use it would have to be, not a bare list of names and important words, with strings of references which no one would have the patience to read through, but an analytical Index with extracts and even verbal tjue tat fans, from which the student, with the least pos- sible trouble* might sec to which volume and page he had to refer for any information he might want. It was many weeks before the plan took any definite shape; in June, 1894, 1 laid my proposal of preparing the Index before the Delegates of the University Press, who were from the beginning favourably Inclined to It. But as I had to work out a specimen from which the scale and the plan of the Index could be seen more definitely, it was not until March, 3895, that the Delegates could give their final sanction to the work,
Though some of the volumes of the series were still un-
published in 1895— voh xllv appeared in 1900, and vol. xlviii
not until 1904-41 was then thought possible to finish the
Index volume within two years. When I set to work, and
reading through volume after volume, making notes
and extracts for the Index, I certainly hoped that Pro-
MUller would live to see it finished, But, alas,
P«te had destined otherwise* Only too soon I found that I
entirely miscalculated the time and labour Involved in
Xll INTRODUCTORY NOTE
the compilation of the Index. By the spring of 1898 I had indeed read, and made extracts from, all the volumes that had been published ; I had written some 70,000 slips, and these had been sorted and arranged alphabetically. But in 1898 I left Oxford to return to my own country and to a new sphere of work, and the preparation of the Index had to be interrupted for nearly two years. When I took it up again in 1900 I soon found that the huge mass of slips before me represented only the raw material from which the building had to be constructed.
From the beginning it had been clear to me — and this was also Professor Max Miiller's view — that this Index volume could not be made like any other Index, but must resemble a Manual of the History of Eastern Religions. For it would have been of little use to collect, under such headings as Ancestor Worship, Animals, Brahman, Buddha, Fire, Funeral Rites, Future Life, God, Gods, Prayer, Sacrifice, Soul, &c., all the passages bearing on these subjects as they occur in the volumes of the Sacred Books of the East. It was necessary to make sitb-divisions in such articles, and to arrange the passages under different sub-headings. It was this work of arranging and condensing the raw material that caused so much delay. Many slips had to be rewritten, and the volumes of the Sacred Books had constantly to be referred to, and numerous passages to be verified.
These sub-divisions and sub-headings required most careful consideration. It was not possible to make them according to one uniform scheme ; they had to be chosen in each case differ- ently as seemed most suitable for practical purposes. Some- times it was advisable to make them according to the different religions, sometimes according to the subject-matter. Con- sistency could not be aimed at — the chief aim was practical usefulness. Sometimes it seemed more practical to arrange the passages under several sub-headings, sometimes it seemed preferable to collect them under one heading, indicating sub- division by dashes ( — ). But it is hardly necessary to enumerate all the devices by which the compiler has tried to make the Index as handy as possible. The reader will
INTRODUCTORY NOTE xiii
easily find them out for himselt There was a time when German scholars scouted the idea of writing or using an Index to learned books. It was thought unworthy of a scholar to look to an Index for reference : he had to read the whole book and all the books on any given subject But nowadays even German scholars have found out that life is short, and not only art, but in an even greater degree, science is getting very long. It has become impossible to get on without some time-saving machinery. To make this Index supply as far as possible a contrivance of such a kind has been the one and constant aim of the compiler.
Verbal quotations have been given — they are marked as such by the use of italics — from passages that seemed especially characteristic and important. That the Index should also include such verbal quotations, was one of the very first suggestions made by Professor Max Muller.
The compiler of an Index to forty-nine volumes of trans-* lations from seven different languages, belonging to as many religions, had to grapple with peculiar difficulties. He had not only to make himself acquainted with the terminologies of the different religions represented in the Sacred Books oj the Ea$t} but also to take into account the different translations of the same terms by different translators, sometimes also different spellings of the same names in diiferent volumes. I have tried, as far as was practicable, to collect all things belonging together under one heading, but I must apologize for any inconsistencies that will be found, especially under the letter A. There, e. g. c Ahura-Mazda ' and J Auharma^J are given as two separate articles, while later on in such cases all the passages would have been collected under one heading. While apologizing for such and other inconsistencies (which could only have been avoided if the whole manuscript of the Index had been rewritten and its publication delayed still longer), I hope to have given so many cross-references that these inconsistencies will not be felt as any serious inconvenience.
When I venture to claim for this volume the title of a sort of Manual of the History of Eastern Religions, I hope I may not be misunderstood. Many books on the History and
X1V INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Science of Religion have been written during the last twenty years. But most of these books are more concerned with theories on the origin and development of religion than with what, in my humble opinion, should be the foundation of all such "theories — a scientific classification of religious phenomena. Is it too presumptuous to hope that this Index may prove to be of some help for the fulfilment of this desideratum of the Science of Religion ? The Index may prove useful, not only for what it contains, but also for what it does not contain, The student of religion will look in vain in this Index for such terms as Animism, Fetishism, Tabu, Totemism, and the like. May not this be a useful warning that these terms refer only to the theories and not to the facts of religion ? On the other hand, the student will be assured that everything he finds in this Index is a religious fact. Moreover, many things will be found in the Index that, from our point of view, do not refer to religion at all, but to all kinds of matters of importance for the Antiquarian — the student of ancient law, customs, manners, art, and economic life. For there is hardly any phase of human life that is not in some way or other touched upon in the Sacred Books of the East — for the simple reason that in ancient religion almost anything and everything has some religious aspect. This is in itself an important lesson to learn, Besides, it shows how useful the Index, and of course still more the Sacred Books themselves, must be for all students of the ancient civilizations of India, Persia, China, and Arabia. And if the Index should do nothing else but help to promote the study of the Sacred Books of the East, the time and labour devoted to its compilation will not be thrown away,
In conclusion, I have to express my sincere thanks to the Delegates of the University Press for the sacrifices incurred in the publication of this volume, and for the patience they have shown with the many delays that have retarded the completion of the work,
M. WINTERNITZ, PRAGUE, January ', 1910.
LIST OF RELIGIONS REPRESENTED IN THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
I. VEDIC-BR!HMANIC RELIGION.
(a) Prayers and Hymns, vols. 32, 42, 46.
(b) Magic, Rites, and Theology, vols. 12, 26, 29, 30, 41, 42, 43, 44. (e) Philosophy, vols. 1, 8, 15, 34, 38, 48.
(d) Laws, vols. 2, 7, 14, 25, 33. II. BUDDHISM, vols. 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 49.
III. GAIN ^ RELIGION, vols. 22, 45.
IV. CONFUCIANISM, vols. 3, 16, 27, 28. V. TAoiSM, vols. 39, 40,
VI. PARSI RELIGION, vols, 4, 5, 18, 23, 24, 31, 37, 47. VII. ISLAM, vols. 6, 9.
LIST OF TRANSLATORS
OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
Beal, Samuel, vol. 19.
Bloomfield, Maurice, vol. 42.
Biihler, Georg, vols. 2, 14, 25.
Cowell, E. B., vpl 49 (i).
Darmesteter, James, vols. 4, 23.
Eggeling, Julius, vols. 12, 26, 41, 43, 44.
Fausboll, V,, vol. 10 (ii).
Jacobi, Hermann, vols. 22, 45.
Jolly, Julius, vols. 7, 33.
Kern, H., vol. 21.
Legge, James, vols. 3, 16, 27, 28, 39, 40.
Max Mtffler, F«, vols. 1, 10 (i), 15, 30, 32, 49 (ii).
Mills, L. H., vol. 31.
Oldenberg, Hermann, vols. 13, 17, 20, 29, 30, 46.
Palmer, E. H., vols. 6, 9.
Rhys Davids, T. W., vols. 11, 13, 17, 20, 35, 36.
Takakusu, J., vol. 49 (ii).
Telang, Kashinath Trimbak, vol. 8.
Thibaut, George, vols. 34, 38, 48.
West, E. W., vols. 5, 18, 24, 37, 47.
ABBREVIATIONS
Av. = Avesta,
Sec. (after a reference) = < and frequently In the same volume? (For
instance, on page 22, col, r, line 17 the '&c.' means that Agni the
Hotr; priest occurs frequently in volume 46.) *
n. « name.2
n. d. = name of a deity, n. p. «a name of a person, n. pi. = name of a place. Phi. - Pahlavi. Pr. = Prakrit.
q. v. = quod vide. Sk. = Sanskrit.
t. c. = title of chapter or part of a work. t.t. = technical term, t, w. = title of a work. Zd, = Zend.
References. The large arabic figures denote volumes, the smaller arabic pages, and the smaller roman pages of the Introductions.
1 Where a very large number of references are given, some references have been italicized to point out the more important passages.
a But after a figure, referring to the number of page, => note, and after a Sanskrit term = neuter.
LIST OF THE 49 VOLUMES OF THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST
|
VOL. |
VOL. |
|
1 Upanishads, |
16 Texts of Confucian- |
|
2 Sacred Laws of |
ism. |
|
Aryas. |
17 Vinaya Texts. |
|
3 Texts of Confucian- |
18 Pahlavi Texts. |
|
ism. |
19 Fo-sho-hing*tsan- |
|
4 Zend-Avesta. |
king. |
|
5 Pahlavi Texts. |
20 Vinaya Texts, |
|
6 Qur'an. |
21 Saddharma- |
|
7 Institutes of Vishnu. |
puw^arika. |
|
8 BhagavadgitS, &c. |
22 Gaina-SCitras. |
|
9 Qur'an. |
23 Zend-Avesta. |
|
10 (i) Dhammapada, |
24 Pahlavi Texts. |
|
10 (ii) Sutta-Nipata. |
25 Laws of Manu, |
|
11 Buddhist Suttas. |
26 Satapatha- |
|
12 Satapatha- |
Biihmawa. |
|
Brahmawa. |
27 (Texts of Confucian- |
|
13 Vinaya Texts. |
28 J ism (Li JO). |
|
14 Sacred Laws of Aryas. |
OQ\ nglGnhya-Stitras. |
|
15 Upanishads. |
31 Zend-Avesta. |
VOL.
32 Vedic Hymns.
33 Minor Law-Books,
34 VedSnta-SCitras.
Milinda,
3e}Milin
37 Pahlavi Texts.
38 Vedanta-Sfitras,
391
Texts of Taoism,
40)
41 Satapatha-
Br&hmarca.
42 Atharva-veda, 48)&tapatha- 44) BrEhmawa.
45 (?aina-S6tras.
46 Vedic Hymns.
47 Pahlavi Texts.
48 Vedlnta-Sfitras.
49 (i) Buddhatarita.
49 (ii) Mahayina Texts,
INDEX
A ARAF—AB H YUD GATAR A GA
lA.araf, the chapter of al A. (Qur'an) 6, 138-63; see FuturVLife.
Aaron, brother,* of Moses, a pro- phet 6, 94, 125 ;* 9^3 1 '^appointed vice-gerent by Moses, 6, 154-6; rebuked by Moses on account of the calf, 9, 41 ; given to Moses as a minister, 9, 36 sq., 86, 91, nr; and Moses blessed, 9, 172 ; Moses and A. bef9ire Pharaoh, 6, 201-3 ; 9, 68; they receive a Scripture, 9, 50.
Abaliy, the Zandik, a heretic, had a disputationWith Atfir-frdbag, 24,
^xxvii; 47, ii^n.
JLban, see Waters.
'Abb&s, converted to Islam, 6, xli; negotiations between Abu Sufiyan, *A., and Mohammed, 6, xli sq.
Abbhana, Buddhist t.t., when unlaw- ful, 17, 268 sq., 270 sq., 277-80.
Abd allah,., father of Mohammed, 6, xviii.
Abdallah. ibn Sa'hd ibn AM Sar h, amanuensis of Mohammed, pretend- ed to be inspired, 6, Ivii, 126, i26n.
Abdallan ibn TTbai, strong op- ponent of Mohammed, 6, Ixiii ; leader of the Munafiqun or ' Hypo- crites,' 6, xxxv; 9, 284n.; spread the calumny against Ay esh a, 9, 74 n. ; compelled his slave girls to prostitu- tion, 9, 77 n.
Abdallah ibn Umm. Maktum, the poor blind man, at whom Moham- med frowned, 9, 320 n.
'Abd al Mu^alib, Mohammed's grandfather, 6, xvii sq.
"Abd ed Dar, as chief of the Kaaba, 6, xvii sq.
'Abd el 'Hareth, n. given to their child by Adam and Eve, 6, 161 n.
Abd er Rahman ibn Auf, con- verted by Mohammed, 6, xxiii.
'Abd Menaf, chieftain of the Kaabah, 6, xvii sq.
Abduction, see Adultery.
Abhaya, a royal prince, who brings
up £ivaka, the physician, 17, 173 sq., 179 ; the son of king A. con- verted by Buddha, 19, 241 ; a prince of the Li^avis, on Niga?z/£a doc- trines, 45, xv ; son of king Srewika, patron of the Gainas, 45, xv" n.
Abhayandada, or Giver of Safety, epithet of Avalokitejvara, 21, 412.
Abhibhayatanani, t.t., ^ight posi- tions of mastery over delusion, 11, 49-51, 49 sq. n. "
Abhidhamma, its position by the side of Vinaya and Sutta, 10 (i), xxxii-xxxiv ; taught under the head of Dhamma, 10 (i), xxxiii. See also Tipfaaka.
AbMcLharmakosliavyakliya, quot- ed, 15, Hi n. ; quotes Milindapawha, 35, xxvi ; 36, xvii.
= Mahabhi-
q.v. Abhi^apr^pta, epithet of Stgara-
buddhidharm3 21, 207. Abhi^as, t.t., magical powers of
Arhats, 21, i sq. n. Abhigraha and Graha worshipped
by the Snataka, 30, 166. Abhinandana, n. of a Tirthakara,
22, 280. Abhinishkrama^a-Stitra, trans-
lated into Chinese, 19, xxix. Abhipratarin ^aitraratha, see
^Taitraratha. Abhipratarin Kaksliaseni,n. p., 1,
A58sq.; 48, 342.
Abniras, became Vr/shalas, 8, 295. ^AbMrati, n. of a world, 21, 177. Abhirasta, sue Caste (<?). AbMsheka, see Anointment, and
Kings. AbMshe^anlya, see Kings (conse-
cration of). AbMyamsa Kula, of the Minava
pawa, 22, 292. Abhtiti Tvasa/ra, n. of a teacher,
15,119,187. Abhyudgatara^a, n. of the epoch
ABHYUDGATARAGA— ABSTINENCE
of the Buddha Salendrara^a, 21, 429.
Ablutions, ceremonial, (pa^iyaVih) , 5, 205, 205 n., 259, 259 n., 272, 278 sq., 298 sq., 299 n., 308, 310, 333, 347-95 18,73, U5sq., 153, 161 sq., 1 66, 309, 313, 340, 343 n., 360, 363, 365, 383, 433-54? 461; providing a tank for a., 5, 317 ; prayer when washing the face, 5, 347 ; three morning and evening a., 19, 260 ; ceremonial morning ablution, 24, 312 sq., 337 sq., 337 n. ; before and after meals, 25, 39-41 ; perfec- tion not to be reached by a., 45, 294 sq. ; see Bath, and Purification.
Abortion, procuring a., causes loss of caste, 2, 74, 281; 14, 133; laws about destroying embryos, and mis- carriage, 4, 177-80 ; 23, 335 ; no funeral libations for women who have caused an a,, 25, 184 ; a Bhik- khu who intentionally kills a human being, down to procuring a., is no Sama«a, 13, 235; sin of a., 7, i3ssq.; 8, 389; 14, 105 sq.5 314 sq.; 23, 280 sq. ; 26, ii ; 40, 243 ; the most heinous of crimes, 42, 165, 521, 524, 527 ; cause of divorce, 33, 183; pro- cured by courtesans, 23, 280 sq. See also Homicide, and "Woman (c).
Abraham, Arabian traditions of, 6, liii ; chapter of A. (Qur'an), 6, 238 ; the faith of A. professed by the Muslims, 9, 65 ; recognized as a prophet by the Qur'an, 6, Ixxi, 57, 94; 9, 139, 206, 269; sent as an apostle, 6, 183 ; was a 'Hanif, not of the idolaters, 6, 19, 54, 58, 90, 124, 137, 263 ; images of A. and Ishmael in the Kaabah, 6, xiii ; the Kaabah rebuilt by A., 6, xvi sq. ; * station of A.' in the Kaabah, 6, Ixxiv, 17, 58 ; made the Kaabah the House of God, 6, 17 sq. ; prays that Mecca might be a sanctuary, 6, 242 sq. ; established the Kaabah and proclaimed the pilgrimage, 9, 59 ; monotheism, the ancient faith of A., 6, 1, liv, 18; and the birds, 6, 41 ; offers wine to God, 24, 225 sq. ; . worships the stars, the moon, and the sun, until he finds the true God, 6, 124 sq. ; destroys the idols, is miraculously saved from the fire, 9, 50 sq., 119 sq., 171, 213, 278;
preaches to his idolatrous father, 9, 30, 93 sq. ; asked pardon for his idolatrous father, 6, 189; 9, 30, 278 ; and Nimrod, 6, 40 sq. ; commanded to sacrifice Ishmael, 6, Ixxiv; 9, 172, 172 n. ; entertains the angels, 6, 212 sq., 247 sq. ; 9, 120, 246 ; prays for and is granted a son (Isaac), 9, 171 sq.; God grants him Isaac and Jacob, 9, 30, 120; flees with Lot, 9, 120 ; the Book and wisdom given to A.'s people, 6, 80; the revelation given in the books of A. and Moses, 9, 329; the pages of Moses and A. who fulfilled his word, 9, 253 ; the sayings of the A. of the Christians, 18, 107, 107 n. ; the people of A. called him liar, 9, 61 ; and Isaac and Jacob were of the elect, 9, 179 sq. ; God has chosen A.'s people, 6, 50.
Abrahat el A-yram, invades Mecca with elephants, his army destroyed by birds, 9, 341, 341 n.
Abstinence, with regard to eating, sleeping, sexual intercourse, &c,, prescribed for special occasions, 2, joo, 105,113, 147,150,152, 187 sq., 224 sq,, 254, 260; 14, 42, 89 sq., 181, 210, 287, 323 ; 44, 445 sq. ; with regard to music, food, sexual intercourse, in mid-summer, 27, 275 ; on the winter solstice, 27, 304 sq. ; to be kept on the four- teenth, fifteenth, and eighth days of the half-month, 10 (ii), 66 ; the vow of a. from carnal pleasures, on new and full moon days, 12, i~6; 30, 29, 333 sq. ; from certain kinds of food, from sexual intercourse, &c., as penance, 2, 276 sq., 290, 292 sq., 296; 14, no, 117, 124, 131 sq., 218, 223, 300; of the teacher, before teaching secret doctrines, 29, 77, 81, 141 ; keeping silence, and standing, alter the Godana rite, 29, 186 ; be- fore performing a magic rite, 30, 286 sq. ; from eating flesh, and from sexual intercourse, enjoined for the officiating priest, 29, 197 ; enjoined for the Dlkshita, 41, 185 sq. ; brahma^arya, i.e. a., a means ot obtaining a knowledge of Brah- man,!, 131, 131 sq.n.; 88,307,315; the world of Brahman found by a. (brahma^arya), 1, 1 30 sq, ; sacrifice,
ABSTINENCE—
the vow of silence, fasting, and a hermit's life, are really a. (brahma- y£arya), 1, 131; enjoined for the student (brahma^irin), 25, 62 sq. ; 29, 192, 309; 30, 67; for students undergoing certain vows, 30, 70 sq., 733 ?6 sq., 158 sq. ; enjoined for three nights after Upanayana, 29, 402; 30, 274; temporary a. (< three nights') of the newly-married couple, 29, 43, 171, 286, 384; 30,48, 197, 267 ; with regard to food at mourn- ing rites, 5, 382, 382 n. ; 25, i8r; 28, 183-5, 386 sq. ; 29, 244, 357; from spirits and flesh after paying a visit of condolence, 27, 163; the eightfold a., proclaimed by Buddha, 10 (ii), 66 ; enjoined for the Bhikkhu, 11, 190-5 ; see Chastity, Fasting, XJposatha, and Vows.
Abstract deities, see Gods.
Abu Bekr, converted by Moham- med, 6, xxiii sq., xlvi ; buys off con- verted slaves, 6, xxv; and Ali ac- company Mohammed during the flight from Mecca, 6, xxxiii sq. ; conducting prayers in the mosque of Medinah, 6, xliv ; or Omar, the first to think of editing the Qur'an, 6, Ivii ; and Mohammed in the cave, 6, 179 ; andMis/a'h, 9, 75 n.
Abu ^ahl, an enemy of Mohammed, 9, 300 n., 336 n.
Abu 'Hamir, a monk who was op- posed to Mohammed, 6, 188 n.
Abu *1 "Abbas, reproached for his unbelief, though he gave drink to the pilgrims, 6, 175 n.
Abu Laheb, uncle of Mohammed, 6, xxix ; Surah A.L. one of the earliest parts of the Qur'an, 6, Ix ; 9, 343 ; will broil in hell, his wife ^carrying faggots, 9, 343 sq., and n.
Abun, see Waters.
Abuse, punishments for, a. as a title of law, 2, 167, 238-40 ; 14, 97 ; 33, 207, 210 sq., 355-7; 35, 239; is of the quality of passion, 8, 323 ; penance for abusing a Guru, 7, 176 ; injunctions against scandal- mongers, informers, defamers, spies and backbiters, 9, 74 sq., 239 sq., 341 ; sin of evil-speaking to others' wives, .37, 130. See Backbiting, and Defamation.
Abu Sufiyan, leader of the Meccan
army in the war against Mohammed, 6, xxxv-xxxvii, 164 n.; negotiates with Mohammed and 'Abbas, 6, xli sq.
Abu T&lib, uncle and protector oi Mohammed, 6, xxiv sq., xxviii sq.
Accidents, penance performed when a. happen to a king's chariot, &c., 29, 287 sq.
Action, Actions, see Good actions, Karman, and Works.
Activity, see Qualities.
Actors, low social position of, 25, 104, 104 n., 163, 265, 272, 317.
Acts, religious, see Works.
*Ad (n. of an ancient Arab tribe), Hud sent as an apostle to eA., 6, 145 sq. ; and Thamfid, 6, xlviii, 1^.5 n., 183 ; 9, 121 ; the people of CA. called their prophet liar, 9, 61, 95, 176, 242; punished for disbe- lieving in the mission of Hud, 6, 210 sq-} 239 ; 9, 86, 95, 193, 200, 227, 247, 254, 256, 298, 330.
Adabhya, t.t., a certain cup of Soma at the Soma service, 44, 105-8.
Adam, the first man, 6, 5 ; adored by the angels, 6, 5, 138, 246 sq.; 9, 8, 19 sq., 43 sq., 181 ; Satan (Iblis) refused to adore A., 6, Ixix, 246 sq.; God has chosen A., 6, 50 ; likeness of A. with God, 6, 54 ; covenant of God with the posterity of A,, 6, r 59 ; and Eve, birth of their first child 'Abd el 'Hareth, 6, i6r, 161 n.; story of the two sons of A., 6, 101 ; A. and Eve worship idols, 6, 1 6 1 sq. ; broke the covenant with God, 9, 43 sq. ; his temptation and fall, 6, 5, 139 sq. ; story of A.'s fall criticized, 24, 178-80,- 200, 209-12, 217-21; recognized as a prophet by the Qur'an, 6, Ixxi ; the Kaabah built byA.,6,xvr.
Adar, see Atar.
Ad&ra, or Putika plants, substitute for Soma plants, are fragrant and Ablaze up in fire, 44, 451 sq., 451 n.
Adar-bM, son of Mahraspand, champion of Zoroastrian orthodoxy, 4, xxxviii, xlvi-xlviii ; 24, 256,256^; 31, xli.
Adbhuta Kalpa, Mahavfra's parents born as gods in, 22, 194.
A^dyfcakasl, n. of a courtesan who became a Bhikkhum, 20, 3 60.
B 2
ADHAKARMIKA— ADITI
Adh&karmika, (?aina t.t., food
specially prepared for a mendicant,
22, 81, 94> in sq. Adkarma, Bali-offering to, 2, 107 ;
idols of Dharma and A., 33, 319;
D harm a and A., substances, 45, 153,
207 sq. AdiriblrCita, t.t., is all perishable
things, 8, 77, ?8 n. Adhidaivata, is the primal being, S,
77, 78 n. Adliim&trakaruwika, n. of a
Brahma-angel, 21, 164. Adhiya^ais Kr/sh«a, 8, 77, 78 n. Adhrigu, t.t., see Prayers (c). AdJfcnraryu, see Priests (a, b). Adhyatma, the manifestation of the
Brahman as an individual self, 8, 77, ^77 n., 3J6, 316 n., 338, 342. Adi-brahma-y£ariya#2, elementary
^righteousness, 11, 16 n. Adi££a (Pali for Aditya), Buddha,
the kinsman of the A., or the A,
family, x (ii), 8, 69, 93, 174, 210. Aditi, n. of a goddess.
(a] Who she is. Identifications.
(&) Relations to other deities.
(c) Her appearance, character, and
powers.
(<rjQ Her cosmic and moral character (*) Worship of A.
(a) WHO SHE is. IDENTIFICATIONS. A. is the earth, 12, 25 sq., 73 sq., 73 n., 85, 307; 26, 47-51, 60, 75, 207, 207 n,, 259 sq., 386 sq. ; 32, 255, 263 ; 41, 1 8, 60, 90, 125, 232, 242, 280, 378; 42, 206; 43, 27, 69; 44, 6, 181, 268, 293; 46, 1 2 1 ; in the lap of A. (the bound- less or inviolable earth), 12, 19; 42, 212 ; a name of the cow, 12, 355J 26, 59, 4T5 sq.; 29, 276; 30, 174; 44, 4745 is speech, 41, 237 ; the Infinite, 32, 241-3 ; a name for the distant East, 82, 242 sq. ; goddess of freedom, 32, 255; identified with other deities, 32, 254 sq., 261 ; as a masculine deity, 32, 261-3 ; Dyaus Aditi, 32, 348, 351; Death is called A., 15, 76; Agni invoked by the name of A., 32, 262; 46, no, 113, 187, 309; the Sun, the quick A., 46, 326, 329.
(6) RELATIONS ATO OTHER DEITIES. A. and the Adityas, her sons, 32, 242-5, 251 sq., 254, 260; 26, 12 sq., 12 n.; 46, 83 ; the mother
of Mitra, Aryaman, and Varu»a, 12, 356 ; mother of the gods, 41, 238 ; the mother of noble sons, 29, 33; 42, iSr ; 46, 237; the birth of her sons, 42, 179, 611 ; wore an amulet, when she desired a son, 42, 97, 502 ; the Sun, A.'s offspring, 2j 298; mother of Agni, 12, 131 n.; - 41, 232 ; the wife of the gods, 12, 73 sq., 73 n. ; 41, 60 ; the wife of Rita., 32, 261 ; produced a hymn for Indra, 32, 242 ; and Daksha, 32, 245-8; and Did, 32, 255 sq.; 41, 93, 93 n. ; fashioned the earthen womb for Agni, 41, 237 sq.
(c) HER APPEARANCE, CHARACTER, AND POWERS.
Nature of A., 43, 403 ; is double- headed, 26, 57 ; the black antelope skin, the skin of A., 12, 38 ; A.'s girdle, 41, 236 ; to her belongs the upper region, 26, 51; the bounty of the Maruts extends far, as the sway of A., 32, 210, 241 ; brings Rudra's healing, 32, 419 sq. ; the ruler of the Fathers, 43, 74.
(d) HER COSMIC- AND MORAL
CHARACTER.
A. is all this whatever there is, 1, 256 ; is one with all deities, identified with the self, 15, 16 ; in her cosmic character, 32, 248-51 ; is made of the deities, is the individual soul, 48, 268 ; in her moral character, 32, 256-60 ; Agni invoked to grant Diti and keep off A., 46, 317, 321 ; Agni invoked to release from sin before A., 46, 354.
(e) WORSHIP OF A.
The goddess invoked, 46, no, 115, 127, 1 8 6, 647; invoked when sprinkling water round the fire, 29, 378 ; 30, 19, 142, 253 ; worshipped at the Vaijvadeva sacrifice, 29, 84 sq. ; invoked for the protection of a child, 29, 54 sq. ; invoked at the £aula rite, 29, 184, 301 ; in- voked at the Upanayana, 30, 148 ; invoked for protection, 32, 258 sq.; invoked with Rudra an'd the Maruts, 32, 423 ; invoked at expiatory rite when the Agnihotra cow should lie down whilst being milked, 44, 181 ; worshipped at the Ajvamedha, 44, 291 n., 293, 351 n. ; informed of
ADITI— ADITYAS
the king's consecration, 41, 90 ; invoked for long life, 42, 50 sq. ; invoked to protect the wife, 42, 181; invoked in Apri hymn, 46, 237 ; oblations to A., 12, 304 n., 307 sq. ; 44, xlii sq. ; opening and concluding (rice-pap) oblations to A., 26, 47-51,259, 386; 44, 140; rice- pap for A. at the new moon sacrifice, 44, 5 sq. ; pap offering to A. at the third seasonal sacrifice, 44, 76, 76 n.; pap offerings to A. at the Sautramawi, 44, 213 n., 268; her share in the Soma feast, 26, 259 sq. ; offering to A. in the Queen's dwelling, 41, 60; offering to A. at •the Dajapeya, 41, 125; animal sacrifice for A., 41, 125 sq. ; the sacrificial ladle, the second hand of A., 42, 183 ; divinities born from the brahmaudana eaten by A., 42, 629 ; a rope addressed as A.'s zone, A44, 474- Aditya, the Sun, a god.
(a) His mythological character (ti) A. and other deities. (<;) A. in philosophical and esoteric teach- ing. (flO Worship of A.
(a) HIS MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTER.
Born from the egg, 1, 55 ; the unborn child, 41, 405 ; ruler of the sky, 43, 208, 382 ; the deity in the eastern quarter, 15, 146 ; why the sun is called A. (etymology), 15, 3 10; 44, 1 30 ; a being of great merit, 48, 237 ; the moon is his food, 43, 335; as bowman in the east, 42, 192 ; A. Vivasvat, father of Manu, 25, Ivii ; one of the Vasus, 15, 140 sq. ; 44, 116; is the surveyor of food offered to the ancestors, BO, 228 ; mentioned in the Anugita, 8, 2 ipj the white Ya^ur-veda revealed by A. , 1 5, 2 2 6 ; line of battle invented by A., 29, 234.
(b) A. AND OTHER DEITIES.
A form of Agni, 41, 284 ; 43, 363 ; A. is one-third of Agni or Fire, 15, 75 ; 43, 402; Agni, Vayu, A., and JSTan dramas identified with four fires, 44, 1 27 ; A. is heat and light, to him offering is made in ^Agni at the Agnihotra, 44, 1 1 2 sq. ; A. and Indra protected by Trishawdhi, 42, 127 sq. ; Indra is A-, yonder sun, 43,
92; Agni, Vayu, and A., 15, 48 sq.; 30, 114, 231 ; 41, 204 ; 43, 90 sq., 1 87 ; 44, 508 ; Agni, Vayu, and A. are the hearts of the gods, 43, 162 ; Agni, Vayu, and A. are all the light, 41, 2io,A239; 43, 388 sq. ; Agni, Vayu, A. are light, might, glory, 44, 173 sq.; Marnts, A., and Brahma?zaspati, 42, 126; 5una and Sira= Vayu and A., 12, 445 n.
(c) A. IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND ESOTERIC TEACHING.
A. is the highest Brahman, 1, 54 sq. ; 15, 302 ; 34, 216 ; 38, 342-5 ; meditations on A., 34, 216 sq.; 38, 342-5 ; is one foot of Brahman, 1, 54; 34,^2i6; secret union of Agni and A., 15, 46; is the eye, •15, 8 r ; 26, 39 ; in the pupil of the eye, 15, 106; 48, 417; the blood of the woman is a form of Agni, the seed of the man a form of A,, 1, 232 ; is the essence squeezed out from heaven, 1, 70 ; the Saman verses squeezed out from A., 1, 70 ; the Upawjusavana stone is A. Vivasvant, 26, 240, 354 ; the Adhvaryu priest identified with A., 15, 122 ; 29, 195 ; the ideas of A., &c., are to be superimposed on the members of the sacrificial action, 34, Ixxvii ; 38, 345-9 ; worlds of A., 15, 131 ; the soul reaches A. as the fruit of pious works, 38, 347, 385.
(d) WORSHIP OF A.
Who brings to light, invoked by the teacher, 2, 114; invocation of A., the dweller in heaven, 15, 335 ; Dyaus with A. invoked in danger, 29, 232; the student worships A. as lord of the vow, 30, 156 ; in- voked at the Samavartana, 30, 163 ; invoked against the enemies, 42, 128; deity of Gagati metre, 43, 330; a new moon offering to A., 12, 375 ; leads him who performs the twilight devotions up to heaven, 14, 249 ; the A. cup, 26, 408 ; wit- nesses watched by A. and other gods, JB3, 245 ; see also Sun, and Sfjrya.^ Adityfb, the Soma cow is an A.,
26, 59- Adityas, a class of deities,
(a) Their mythological character. (£} The A. and other deities. Or) Worship of the A.
ADITYAS— ADULTERY
(a) THEIR MYTHOLOGICAL CHARAC- TER.
The seven or eight sons of Aditi, 32, 242-5, 251-4; twelve A., the twelve months of the year, 15, 140 sq. ; 44, 116; twelve A, created, 41, 149 sq.; fashioned the sky, 41, 234 ; their names, 32, 245, 253 sq. ; with Varu«a at their head, 1,42; 26,935 41,28o; 42,12; 44, 365 ; Awja, Bhaga, and Aryaman are three A., 41, 82 sq., 83 n. ; gods of light, 42, 116 ; rise in the west, 15, 339; the lords of the western re- gion, 43, 101 ; who dwell in heaven, who dwell in the world, 1, 37 ; help in battle, 42, 119 ; called puta- daksha, 42, 444 ; are the manes of great-grandfathers, 25, 127 ; prac- tised penance, 25, 475 ; the A. and Angiras sacrificing, 26, 113 sq. ; where they wish to lay the Garha- patya, 43, 118; the honey-lash (of the Ajvins), mother of the A., 42, 230 ; the Kush^a plant, thrice be- gotten by the A., 42, 6 ; are non- eternal beings, because produced, 34, 202, 216 ; are the All, 41, 126.
(b] THE A. AND OTHER DEITIES.
Aditi, the sister of the A., 29, 275; 30, 174; Sun and Moon, the A., 42, 57 ; Indra invoked to com- bine with the A., Vasus, &c., 12, 264 ; MarutsA and A., 32, 412 sq. ; 43, 68 ; the A. make Soma swell, 30, 179; Gatavedas Aditya, 42, 127 ; Agni is to bring the A. to the sacrifice, 46, 1 08; the A. have made Agni their mouth, or their tongue, 46, 1 88; Vijvakarman invoked with the A., 26, 123 sq. ; and Angiras worshipped, 42, 191 ; and Angiras contending for getting first to hea- ven, 44, 152; Vasus and Angiras, 42, 89 ; and Vasus invoked for well- being, 42, 55 ; the A. are united with the Vasus, 42, 135 ; and Vasus, qualified for meditation on divini- ties, A 48, 335-7; Vasus, Rudras, and A., thi ee classes of gods, 12, 135, 239; 26, 350,411541,241,246,264; 42, 161 ; 43, 33, 75 ; 44, 173, 291 n., 313, 443, 479 sq.; 46, 42; seen within Kr/shwa, 8, 92 ; alarmed at the greatness of Kr/'shwa, 8, 94 ; Kr/shwa is Vishmi among the A., 8, 88, 88 n.
(c) WORSHIP OF THE A.
Saman addressed to them, 1, 37 ; invited to the sacrifice, 12, 93 ; 46, 281; invoked at the reception of guests, 29, 198 ; invoked at the Ashufaka, 29, 207 ; invoked for pro- tection, 29, 344; 42, 161; invoked at the house-building rite, 29, 347 ; invoked at the Va^apeya, 41, 38 ; invoked to expiate imperfections in the sacrifice, 42, 164 ; invoked against fever, 42, 443; invoked in an Apri hymn, 46, 179, 198; in- voked to bless the sacrifice, 46, 253 ; the Ya^us belong to the A., 26, 383, 383 n. ; share of the A., at the laying of the altar-bricks, 43, 68 ; deities and metres, 43, 53 ; fif thpu belongest to the A., I buy thee for the A.,' 30, 53 ; worshipped at the Vairvadeva sacrifice, 29, 85 ; wor- shipped at the Tarpawa, 30, 243 ; offering to the A., 26, 12 sq. ; 41, 248 sq. ; Soma libations to the A., 26, 241,, 316 n, ; the evening liba- tion belongs to the A., 1, 36 sq., 51 ; 26, 350-6; arise by the per- formance of the third Soma press- ing, 44, 173, 480 n. ; animal sacrifice for the A., 41, 126 ; the ^sacrificial Ahorse to go the way of the A., 44, 2 8 8. Adityasambliava, n. of a Tatha- gata, 49 (ii), TOO.
Adoption, the adopted son, defini- tion, 14, 227; law about a., 14, 74 sq., 87; 18, 184-94, 196; 24,7r, 71 11.316; 25, 355, 355 n., 359, 361 sq. and n. ; 37, 1 13 ; adopted sons not to be looked upon as real sons, 9, 139, 139 n., 144, 144 n. ; duty of pro- viding an adopted son for a child- less man, 24, 279-81 ; ceremony of a., 14, xlv, 76, 334-6; of ille- gitimate children, 4, 273 ; a good work, 24, 74 ; sin of declining a., 37, 147. to Children (sale and gift of, subsidiary sons), and "Woman (£). Adr/sh/a, t.t, see Unseen Principle. Adultery.
(«) In religion. (b) In civil law.
(a) IN RELIGION.
One of the five principal sins, 10 (i), 6 1 ; a crime in the fourth degree, 7, 136; the sin of a., 10 (ii), 19,! 2i, 4o; 24, 305 sq.,
ADULTERY— AfeSHM
324-6, 331 sq. ; 25, 150, 442, 484; 37, 112, 205; heinousness of a., and atonement for it, 18, 227-232 ; a priest who has illicit intercourse with another man's wife is a highwayman or a thief, 4, 309 ; bad reputation, an un- comfortable bed, punishment, and hell, are the four things gained by him who covets his neighbour's wife, 10 (i), 74 sq. ; let the wise man avoid an unchaste life as a burning heap of coals ; not being able to live a life of chastity , let hivi not transgiess with another mads wife, 10 (ii), 65 ; be an abstainer from the wives of others, 24, 12 ; penances for a., 2, 286 ; 7, 174 sq. ; 14, 111-13, 232, 235 ; 25, 465, 467, 467 n. ; punishments for a. in future life, 44, 332, 497 ; the mortal sin of violating a Guru's bed, 7, 133 sq.; 8, 389; 14, 5, 235; 25, 383, 441 sq. ; penances for a. with wife of a Guru, 2, 81 sq., 88 sq., 276 sq., 284 sq., 290; 14, 104, 127, 213, 235; 25, 451 sq. ; punish- ments for a. with a Guru's wife in future life, 25, 440, 496 ; an adul- terous wife's guilt falls on the negligent husband, 14, 101 ; 25, 309 ; imprecations used by a husband against an adulterer, 15, 218; 29, 289; allusion to a. in the prayer c Wherein my mother has done amiss,3 &c., 30, 227 ; the wife has to confess any adulterous inter- course at the Varuwapraghasa sacri- fice, 12, 396 sq., 397 n. ; food given by the paramour of a married woman, or by a husband who allows a paramour to his wife, not to be eaten, 14, 69 sq. ; 25, 163 ; adulterers, husbands who allow a. in their houses, the son of an adulteress, and he who eats food given by persons born through a., excluded from Sraddha, 2, 145, 257 ; 25,- 104 sq., 1 08 ; first committed by Va^ak, mother of Dahak, 18, 217. (b) IN CIVIL LAW.
A. defined, 25, 316; the cause ot confusion of castes, 25, 315, 4°7 J law about a., 2, 164-7; 25, 253, 315-21; 33, 177-9, 365-7; punish- ments for a., 2, 288 sq. ; 7, 29 ; 14,
233,235; 25, 197, 315, 318-21; 33, 179, 183; 35, 223 ; 45, 274; punish- ments for a. with a Guru's 'wife, 14, 20I> 383; witnesses in cases of a., 25, 267 ; where a man and the wife of another man seize one another by the hair, the man is an adulterer, without witnesses being required, 33, 85 ; persons addicted to a., inadmissible witnesses, 33, 303 ; causes loss of caste, 2, 74 ; a cause of divorce, 33, 183; the adulterer one of the seven kinds of assassins, 7, 41 ; he who abducts another man's wife may be slain as an assassin, 14, 19; penance for the minor offence of killing adulterous women, 25, 458 ; women immured for a., 6, 74, 74 n.; women not to be driven away unless they have com- mitted manifest a., 9, 288; son of an adulterer excluded from inherit- ance, 25, 356. See also Incest, Sexual intercourse, and Woman (#, b).
Advaita, t.t, non-duality or monism, taught both by Ankara and Rama- nu^a, 34, xxx, cxxv.
Aekha, the contagion of, destroyed by Aryan glory, 23, 284 sq.
Aeskm, Aeshma, demon of Wrath, 5, 193, i93 n., 201 sq., 205, 205 n., 215, 217, 220, 223 sq., 227 sq., 366, 366 n.; 18, 93, 96, 113; 24, 17 sq., 17 n., 61; 47, 72, 72 n. ; the impersonation of invasion and ra- pine, 31, xix, xxi n. ; of the murderous spear, 4, 126, 140 sq., 224; 23, 33; 31, 280; powers of A., 5, 107-9, 107 sq. n.; the seven evil-instructed ones of A., 47, 8 ; complains to Aharrnan of the three things he could not injure in the world, 5, 387-9, 387 n. ; assists the Evil Spirit, 23, 297 ; opposes the departed soul, 24, 17 sq., 17 n. ; Sraosha created by Ahura to with- stand A., 23, 164; attacked and smitten by Sr6sh (Sraosha), 5, 128, 128 n. ; 24, 33; 31, 300; spells against A., 4, 126, 140 sq., 140 n., 145-7 ; 31, 280 (Ahuna-vairya) ; Mithra invoked against A., 23, 143 ; flees from Mithra, 23, 144, 154; smiting of A. by propitiation of Spendarma^, 18, 437 ; Fravashi of Fradhakhjti invoked against A., 23,
AfeSHM— AGES OF THE WORLD
224; shall bow and flee before the Saoshya^s, 23, 308; Aryan glory destroys AA., 23, 284; coming of A. to Kai-Us, 37, 221; set up King Alexander, 47, 83 ; K6khar&/ born from A. and Manujak, 47, 143.
Aeta, son of Mayu, 23, 217.
Aethrapaiti, the teacher, 31,318,323.
Aet&ryas, A£thrapaitis and, 31, 323.
A£vo-saredha-fya£jta, n.p., 23, 2 r 8.
Aezemnd, or Ayazem, ancestor of Zoroaster, 37, 261, 261 n.
Afarg, n. of a Zoroastrian teacher and Pahlavi writer, 5, 243, 243 n., 246, 262, 262n., 264, 264^,268,273, 292 ; 18, 283, 28 3 n., 299-304, 299 n., 309, 312-14, 316, 320, 333sq., 336n., 361 ; quoted, 18, 446, 449, 449 n.
Afrasiyab, a wicked king, 24, 267.
Afrasyab, the Turk, made himself an iron palace under the earth, yet could not escape death, 4, 380 sq. ; killed Aghra£ratha, 23, 114 n. See
JFYangrasyan.
Afriiiagan, see Prayers (/), and Zend-avesta.
Afrdtoag-vindad, n.p., 5, 146 sq.
A^a, lost his son Dajaratha, 19, 92 ; 49 (i), 90.
A<fa, t.t., that power of the Lord from which the world springs, or the primary causal matter first pro- duced by that power, 34, xxxix, 252-7; the elements beginning with light are meant by A., 34, 254 sq. ; denotes the causal matter meta- phorically, 34, 256 sq.; the un- created (Night or Maya), 44, 389, 389 sq. n. See also Unborn.
A^a Ekapada, the one-footed goat, the sun, 42, 208, 625, 664 ; oblation to A. E., 29, 331.
Agaima^vak, n.p., 5, 136.
Agamas, studied by Bhikkhus, 17,
^285, 288, 345.
A^aniya (' high-bred '), Buddha's definition of the term, 10 (ii), 92.
Agash, demon of the evil eye, 47,
Agastya, a Rzshi, son of Mitra- varuwau, author of Vedic hymns, 32, 212,274,281,290,294; 46,180,182; dialogue between Indra, A., and the Maruts, 32, 182, 184, 286-8 ; em- ployed charms, 42, 23 sq., 319 ; slew tjie Rakshas, 42, 33 ; born without
a mother, 14, r 80 n. ; son of Urvaji, and Vlmadeva, seeking Rama, 49 (i), 93 , 93 n. ; seduced by a heavenly queen, 19, 43 sq. ; wooed Rohiwi, the wife of Soma, 49 (i), 44 ; the south, the region of A., 49 (i), 96, 96 n. ; went out to hunt to get meat for sacrifices, 14, 71; 25, 173; worshipped at the Tarpa^a, 30, 244 ; the threefold age of A., 29, 55 sq. ; M&na, a name of the Agastyas, 46,
^182,184; KhumbyaandA.,23,224n.
Agastya, n. of a teacher, 1, 248.
A^ataj-atru, king of Ka^l, dis- cussion on Brahman between G&rgya Balaki and, 1, 300-7 ; 15, 100-5 ; 34, cv, 268-74; 48, 378-8o, 383; rival of Ganaka, 12, xliii ; Bhadrascna, a son of A,, 41, 141, 141 n,
A.g atajatru (Pali, A^atasattu), king of Magadha, son ofBimbisara and VaideM, 11, i sq. ; 21, 6; 49 (ii), v ; the defeat of A., by Prascna^it, 10 (i), 53 n. ; prince A. gained over by Devadatta, pays great honour to the latter, 20, 233-8; incited by Devadatta, wants to kill his father, is found out and treated mercifully, 20, 241-3 ; imprisons his father Bimbisara, 49 (ii), 161-4; hisrelations to (?ainas and Buddhists, 22, xiv sq. ; moved by Buddha's conquest over the mad elephant, 19, 248; claims relics of Buddha, and erects a dagaba over them, 11, 1 3 1,134; the Sa"marifia-phala spoken with him, 20, 377,
j^*aya, a Bnihman, converted by Buddha, 49 (i), 190 sq.
Age, how to inquire about the a. of persons from the king downwards, 27, 115; libations to the a.-grades, 43, 218. See Old Age.
Agent, every action requires an a., H 337-40-
Ages of the World.
(a) Indian Yugas and Kalpas. i£) Zoroastrian millenniums. (c) Chinese world periods.
(a) INDIAN YUGAS AND KALPAS.
The four Yugas, the Manvantaras and Kalpas, 7, 77-9 ; 25, xii, Ixxxiv-lxxxvii, 20-4; 'conjunctions' (Sandhis), the periods about the close of one and the beginning of another Yuga, 8, 330 n. ; an ex-
AGES OF THE WORLD— AGITA
planation of the Hindu belief in Kalpas, &c., 45, 16 sq.n.; deteriora- tion of the world in the successive a., 33, 3, 3 n. ; in the age when men were all virtuous and veracious, there were no lawsuits, 33, 5, 5 n., 277 ; at the expiration of a Kalpa, all entities enter Kr/sh#a's nature, and at the beginning of a Kalpa he brings them forth again, 8, 82 ; dissolution of the world at the end of the great world periods, 34, xxvi, 212; there is no measure of the past and the future Kalpas, 34, 361 ; king resembles the four a., 25, 396 ; size of mankind in different Kalpas, 36, 133 n. ; among all a. the Kr/ta is the first, 8, 353 ; the Treta age, the age of sacrifices, 15, 30 ; twelve hundred years of the gods are a Kali Yuga, 7, 77, 77 n. ; m the Kali Yuga no Rishis are born, 2, xviii ; the sinful Kali Yuga, 2, 1 75 n. ; Niyoga not to be practised in the Kali age, 33, 369 ; Kr/ta, Treta, Dvapara as names of dice, 44, 416. See Time, and World (V). (/&) ZOROASTRIAN MILLENNIUMS.
Zoroastrian chronology by mil- lenniums, 47, xii sq., xxvii-xxxviii, xli, 15 n., 21-4, 23 sq. n. ; four periods of 3,000 years, 18, 198, 198 n. ; three millenniums, 24, 345 ; 37, 254, 254 n. ; six millenniums, 37, 405, 405 n.; millennium reigns for each constellation of the zodiac, 5, 1 49-51, 149 n. ; the evil millenniums, 18, 203, 203 n. ; signs at the end of millenniums, 37, 33 sq,, 279; four periods in the millennium of Zara- tfijt, 37, 181, 451 sq. ; 47, xi sq. ; millenniums of Zoroaster, and the three future apostles, 24, 1 5, 1 5 n. ; 47, 94-1 18,9411.; millenniums before and after Zoroaster, 47, 144 ; advantages and disadvantages of the period, 37, 21 sq. ; evil doings in the ninth and tenth centuries, 37, 257-60, 257 n. ; triumph of sacred beings over the demons at four periods, 37, 285; the three periods of the universe : past eternity, present existence, and fu- ture eternity, 37, 3 1 7, 3 1 7 n. ; Zoroas- ter's vision of seven successive ages (tree with seven branches), 47, xxiii sq.; steel age, &c,, 47, 87, 126, 126 n.
(c) CHINESE WORLD PERIODS.
The period of ' the Grand Course' followed by that of the ' Small Tran- quillity,' 27, 364-7, 365 n. ; primi- tive ages, 27, 369; 'the period of great order/ 28, 1 1 8 ; primaeval state of innocence, 3,255n.; the primaeval age of perfect virtue when Tao ruled men, 39, 26-8, 139-41, 277-80, 287- 90, 325; 40, 171, 284; the para- disiacal state under the influence of the Tao, not yet superseded by ' the wisdom of the world/ 39, 60- 2 ; difference between the age of perfect virtue, and the present time, 39, 353 sq.; 'The State of Estab- lished Virtue,' where the Taoist enjoys himself, 40, 30 sq. ; the para- disiacal state when men lived like birds, 40, 312 ; the rulers who dis- turbed the primaeval paradisiacal state, 39, 295 sq.; how the age of perfect virtue came to an end, 39, 359 sq.; 40, siasq., 316 sq. See also Paradise.
Agga/ava, temple of, 10 (ii), 57.
Aggikabharadv§jg-a,the Brahmawa, is converted by Buddha, 10 (ii), 20-4.
Aggregates, the five a. (khandha), the conditions of individuality and their cause, 11, 148, 148 n. ; the dyad of a. assumed by the Bauddhas with its two causes cannot be estab- lished, 34, 400-9 ; the (?aina doctrine that a. are formed from the atoms, 34, 43osq.; the seventeenf old aggre-
gate, 38, 65, 65 n. See also Skandhas.
Aghara, see Sacrifice (£).
Aghora, n. d., the initiated boy given in charge to, 30, 154.
Aghra&ratha, a semi-man (half bull, half man), brother of Afrasylb, 23, 114 sq. and n,, 222, 278, 304. See
(Pahlavi for Aghraeratha),
son of Pashang, 5, 117, 135, ijsn. ;
legend of A., 5, 135 sq. Agigarta Sauyavasi, king Hari-
j£andra bought Suna&fepa the son
of A.S., 14, 87 ; 44, xxxiv sq. ;
saved himself from starvation by ^selling his son, 25, 424, 424 n. Agigarti, see Suna&repa. Agita, a pupil of Bavari, his questions
answered by Buddha, 10 (ii), 187,
188-91, 210.
10
A£ITA— AGNI
Agita, a Bhikkhu who was reciter of the Patimokkha at the council of Vesali, 20, 408 ; n. of a Tirthakara, 22, 280 ; n. of a Bodhisattva, 49 (ii), 90 ; conversation between Buddha and the Bodhisattva A,, 49 (ii), x, 61-9; applauds the speech of Buddha, 49 (ii), 72. For Maitreya A£*ita, see Maitreya.
Aglta-Kesakambali (i. e. A. of the garment of hair), n. of a teacher, 10 (ii), xii, 86 sq.; 11, 106; an Arhat possessed of Iddhi, 20, 79; and Milinda, 35, 8 ; his materialistic doctrines, 45, xxiii sq.
, t.c., 10 (ii),
/N.
A^ivikas, sect of naked ascetics, 10 (ii), x, xiii ; 20, 198 sq.; 21,^63; 86, 308 sq. n. ; disputatious A. do not overcome Buddha, 10 (ii), 63 ; Nigaw^as and A., their views about the soul, 45, xix ; Gosala, leader of the A., or A/telakas, their relation to the Gainas, 45, xxix-xxxii.
Ag^ana, see Nescience.
A^anavada, i.e. Agnosticism, q. v.
A^;7anavidh.va;/zsana, the sixty- fourth Tathagata, 49 (ii), 7.
A^"«ata-Kau^^inya, see Kauw^/inya.
Agni, the God of Fire.
(«) His births, his motheis, his paients.
(5) Forms and abodes of A.
(c) Myth of the hidden A.
(a) Names of A.
(<?) Anthropomorphic conception of A, (his
body, his food and drink, hu» chariot
and horses, his wives, children, &c.). 00 Theriomorphic conception of A,, and
his relations to animals.
His relation to the other gods in general. ft) A. as related to individua] other gods. (/) A. and the solar deities (Aditya, Surya,
Ushas, the A^vins). (j) A. as destroyer of demons and all hos-
tile powers. (/e) Excellent qualities and transcendent
powers of A.
(/j* A. as a kind and helpful god. (;«) A, the god of the house and the clan. (n.) A as connected with women and mar-
riage. (<?) A. as the sacrificial fire and the Fire-
altar. (/) Men (or demigods) and families who
first established A. (#•) A. as a priest, and his relations to the
priesthood. (r] A in his relation to the Sacrifice and
the Sacrificer. (s) Sacrifices to A. (t) Prayers to A,, and A. as related to
prayers (and meti ea). (w) A. as connected with Veda and Veda-
study.
(#•) (ft) (/)
(^) A. in his moial character.
(w) A. as a supreme God of Heaven and
Earth. (,r) A. in philosophical speculations.
(a) HIS BIRTHS, HIS MOTHERS, HIS PARENTS.
Thou, 0 A., the flaming one, (art bo) n) front out the Heavens, thoit (art born} from out the Waters and the itone (the flint] ; thoit (art borit] from out the forests and the herbs ; thou art born bright, 0 Lord of men, (as belong- ing] to men, 46, 186, 189; he has been bom in the dwellings as thefltst, at the bottom of the great (air], in the womb of this air, footless, headless, hiding both his ends, drawing towards himself (his limbs?], in the nest of the bull, 46, 308 ; puzzles or mysteries con- cerning the birth, &c. of A., 46, r 14 sq. ; A. is water-born, cow-born, law-born, is born from the sky, from the breath, 41, 281, 283 sq.; A. born from A., from the pain ot the earth, or of the sky, 44, 202 ; generation of A. (fire-altar), and fashioning the embryonic A., 41, 251-6,300-3, 309, 310 sq., 319 sq., 344, 351 sq., 354, 358, 362-5, 398 sq. ; when the altar is built, A. is born, 41, 332 sq.; the gods wondered at his birth, 46, 219; A. is born at once, 44, 89; his secret birth, 46, 366, 368 ; when created, sought to burn everything, 12, 342 ; of double birth, celestial and terrestrial, 46, 52, 141, 176; A. who is born and A. who will be born, twins, 46, 57, 59 ; grows up within the plants, within the chil- dren, and within the sprouting grass, 46, 61 ; his three births, in the sea, in heaven, and in the waters, 46, 114, 116, 308; his highest and lower birth-places, 46, 215; has three lives, and three births from the Dawn, 46, 275 sq. ; produced by the ten young women, i.e. the fingers, by attrition, 46, 75 sq., 114, 116, 147, 150, 160, 256, 287, 292, 294, 302 sq., 306, 341, 391 ; son of strength, or offspring of vigour, 32, 21 sq. ; 41, 255; 46, 16, 45 sq., 92, 103, 119 sq., 129,
147 Sq., 157, 209, 2IT, 220, 26r,
268, 273, 277, 289, 291, 297, 300, 316, 352, 371 sq.,375 sq.,'382, 385, 391, 403 ; born living from the dry wood, 46, 64 ; one blows upon A.
AGNI
11
when he is born (i.e. when fire is kindled), 42, 56 ; born from the deceased, 29, 242 n. ; and his mothers, 41, 294 sq. ; 46, 114 sq., 117, 141 sq., 144 sq., 147, 217 sq., 343 ; Dyaus his mother, 41, 272 ; conceived by the virgin (the wood), 46, 344 sq. ; as soon as she had enjoyed love, the well-bearing mother has borne him, 46, 382 ; his mothers are the plants, 41, 224 ; 44, 194 ; is the child of the herbs, trees, and waters, 44, 194; is the child of the waters, of the trees, of that which stands and moves, 46, 70 ; his births in the waters and in the plants, 41, 294 ; 46, ii4Sq., 117, 1 8 8, 219-21; nourished by the waters, 46, 54 ; is born from the waters, and the waters from A,, 46, 117; his seven kind mothers, the waters, 46, 147, 150, 256 ; is the child of the waters (Apam napat), 26, 381; 41, 226; 46, 157, 158, 240, 256 ; 49 (i), 45; creation of A. from the earth, 15, 75 ; the child of the earth, 15, 221 ; earth pregnant with A,, 29, 45 ; 30, 199 ; licks the upper garment of the mother (earth?), 46, 142, 145 ; no harm can be done to A., when he dwells in his mother's womb, 46, 173 ; in his mother's lap, 46, 303, 407 ; the son of I/a, 46, 302 ; the son of the two mothers, 32, 359 ; 41, 350; 46, 22, 25, 391 sq.; borne by the two Dawns, 46, 363, 416 ; Heaven and Earth, his parents, 41, 224; 46, 49, 51, 167, 219 sq., 225, 228, 233, 248-50, 291, 336; made his parents new again and again, 46, 241 ; A., the child of Dyu, 32, 21-3 ; brought forward from the highest father (Heaven), 46, 147, 150; by his nature he has found his father's udder, 46, 220 ; the increaser of his father, 46, 141, 144; he bore the germ "of the father who begat him, 46, 220, 225 sq. ; born from the Asura's belly, 46, 303 ; the child of the universe, 43, xx, xxiii; created out of Pra^a- pati, 12, 323 ; 43, 206; 44, 15; both the father and the son of Pra^apati, 43, xx; being the son of the gods, has become their father,
46, 67 ; the gods have procreated A. by their thoughts, 46, 228 ; son of Tvashfrz, 46, 114, 116, 248, 251.
(b) FORMS AND ABODES OF A.
Many forms of A., 41, 159-61, 163, 165 sq., 284 j three Agnis and the fourth A., 12,87-9, io8n., 136; 26, 118; 43, 157; fourfold is A., 12, 47, 47 n. ; is threefold, 41, 147, 160, 197 sq., 202, 204 sq., 225 sq., 232, 282, 284, 294, 323, 330, 335~9, 558, 37i, 392; 43, 5, 166, 169, 189-91, 204 sq., 236, 251, 304, 364 sq., 402 ; three forms of A., 46, 147, 149 sq., 229, 231 ; threefold is his strength, three his abodes, three his tongues, and three his bodies, 46, 281 ; dwells in three abodes, 46, 376, 391 sq. ; Lord of the Earth, Lord of the World, Lord of Beings =the three Agnis, 12, 89 ; the three- named A., 42, 135, 495 ; the three older brothers of A., 42, 257; is light and fire, and a god, 34, 217; in the Rig-veda, not only the earthly sacrificial fire, but also an elemental force, 1, xxii ; the dead body pro- tected against A. (funeral fire), 29, 241 ; the flesh-devouring A. (funeral fire), 42, 54, 56 ; see also below A. Vaijvanara (p. 1 3 sq.) ; A. (funeral pyre) the guide to Yama's seat, 42, 90; the fury of terrible A., 42, 90 ; as the fire of the lightning, 42, 401 ; 46, 103, 105, 109, 114-16, 193, 196; the moon a form of A.,
41, 229 sq.; in the moon, 46, 116 ; by his nightly light, the creatures walk, 46, 108 ; Sun, Vayu, and fire, three forms of A., 43, xx, 402 ; s<e also A. and Vayu below, p. 1 8 ; 1 jana, Mahan Deva£, and Pajupati, forms of A., 43, xx ; the two Agnis,
42, 216, 627; consists of pairs (males and females), 43, 284 sq. ; the Paridhis or l enclosing-sticks ' are Agnis, 12, 87-91 ; A. (fire) is in the earth, in the plants, the waters hold A., A. is in the stones; A. is within men, Agnis (fires) are within cattle, 'within hotses ; A. glows f torn the sky, to A., the god, belongs the broad air. The mortals kindle A., the bearer of oblations, that loveth ghee. The earth, clothed in A., with dark knees, shall make me brilliant and alert! 42, 201 ;
12
AGNI
A. in heaven, in the air, in the earth, plants, waters, flints, &c., 41, 43 n., 304; 43, 201-3; 46, 285; seated in all spaces, law-seated, sphere- dwelling, 41, 281 ; called man -seated, water-seated, barhis-seated, heaven- winning, 43, 183 sq. ; brought to many places for the use of the living, 46, 22, 70 sq., 74, 77 sq. ; follows the world like a shadow, having filled heaven, earth, and the air, 46, 89 ; has approached the three- f<?ld light, all spaces of the atmo- sphere, in the abode of the waters, 46^ 176; in heaven, in the human dwellings, and in the waters, 46, 266 ; dwells on the earth, 1, 36 ; 15, 334; 46, 73; is the essence squeezed out from the earth, 1, 70 ; the lord of terrestrial beings, 80, 237; the regent of the earth, 43, xx, 208, 381 ; laid down in the best place of the earth, in the place of I /a, 46, 287, 302 ; dwelt once between the two horns of a wether, 26, 125 ; moves about within the young sprouting grass, 46, 115, i r 8 ; has entered all herbs, 46, 127, 412 ; in the waters, 12, 22 ; 30, 226 ; 41, 293~5? 304 sq. ; 42,i4; 44, i93sq.; 46, 61, 160, 167 sq., 202, 232, 256, 291, 297; A., the lord of the waters, 14, 251; sitting- in the 'waters he hisses like a swan, 46, 54 ; goes to the floods of heaven, to the waters in the ether of the sun, and to those below, 46, 285 ; the gods made part of A. enter the water, 26, 381 ; dwelling in the water, worshipped at the consecra- tion of ponds, 2 9, 135,135 n.; seated between Heaven and Earth, 46, 244 ; world of A., a stage on the souFs road to the sun, 1, 275 ; 38, 385 ; 48, 746, 748 ; world of A., attained by a giver of gold, 7, 273 ; where A. dwells, 30, 218 ; the Soma asked to enter A.'s dear seat, 44, 108 ; the highest place of A., 46, 82 ; part of the hand sacred to A,, 14, 25. (c) MYTH OF THE HIDDEN A.
A. hid himself in the waters, and was discovered by the gods, 12, 47, 452 ; 42, 3, 270-2 ; the gods search for A., 41, 196-9, 203, 207-9, 214 sq. ; the hidden A. sought and
discovered by the gods, 46, 54 sq., 61, 64, 66, 82, 84, 127, 173, 175; Pra^&pati searches for the hidden A., 41, 161 sq., 360; concealed by the Pawis, 12, 245 ; hid himself in an A-rvattha tree, 32, 329 ; went away from the gods, and entered themu%a grass, 42, 249 ; dwelt in secret, 44, 792 ; 46, 241, 256; brilliant, though hidden in secret, easily to be found, 46, 343,385; putting down his feet in secret like a thief, A. has enlightened and freed Atri, 46, 399 ; searching anddiggingforA.,41, 200-22, 24isq.; the hidden A. found by the thought- ful men, 46, 61 ; the Angiras have discovered the hidden A., 46, 391 sq. (d) NAMES OF A.
Has many names, 46, 281, 372; the newborn A. receives a name, 43, 269, 269 n. ; A. for Agri, mystic name, 41, 146 ; etymology of A., 34, 150; 48, 292; called Aditl, 32, 262; 46, no, 113, 187, 309 sq. ; cake offered to A. Agntmat^ 44, 189 ; called Angiras^ 41, 225, 279 ; 46, 24, 92, 327, 348, 385, 389, 39i, 412 ; the first or best of Angiras, 41 , 358 ; 46, 22, 95, 129; sacrifices to A. Amka*vat, 12, 408 sq. and n. ; 41, 58sq. ; 44, 76, 76 n.; expiatory cake offering to A. Apmmat (abiding in the waters) at the Agnihotra, 44, 193 sq. ; is an Asura^ 46, 399 ; called Jfyuj the living one, 46, 142, 170; called Ayus, Life, 41, 323 ; oblations and prayers to A. Ayushmat, who rules over vital power, 44, 439 ; called the Bbarata, 12, 1 3 3 ; 46, 119, 123 ; A. Bbdrata or the god of the • Bharata tribe, 12, ii4sq. ; 46, 211 ; called Bbriga'vdKa, 46, 74, 78; A. called Bvibaspati, 46, 292, 294 ; a cake for A. Ddtv\ (the giver), 44, xlii sq., 8 sq. ; A. Gdrhapatya, the protector of house, offspring, and cattle, 12, 358 sq.; A. GaYhapatya invoked to free from sin, 42, 165, 167 ; A. the Gdtavedas, 1, 150 ; 12, 119, 1x9 n., 136; 26, xxxi sq. ; 46, 37, 42, 49» *°°» I02, 103, 108, 128, 129, i93sq., 202, 221, 229, 233, 240, 244, 259, 261, 271, 275, 28r, 283, 285, 287, 291, 293 (Agni am I, by birth Gttavedas), 300, 302, 310, 326, 336, 354, 358, 375 sq.,
AGNI
18
77> 387, 413* 4i8; why called ratavedas, 43, 274 ; Gatavedas, the nessenger, 30, no; Gatavedas raijvanara invoked for protection, 2, 54 ; the immortal, life-possess- ig A. Gatavedas grants long life, 2, 57 ; offering to A. Gatavedas, 0, 239 ; 42 ? 88 ; prayer to A. Gata- edas, 15, 210; 30, 142 sq., 162; 2, 47 sq., 98, i2J, 168,309, 325 sq.; 4, 382 ; prayer to A. Gatavedas to TOtect the cows, 30, 185 sq.; prayer o A. Gatavedas at offerings to the tfanes, 29, 103; 32, 35 sq.; offer- tigs to A. Gnhapati (the house-lord), 2, 256 n., 259; 26, 215, 320 n.; 29, ,52 ; 41, 69 sq., 71 ; prayer to A., he householder, 12, 272 ; A., the Louse-lord, informed of the king's •onsecration, 41, 89 ; offering to V. Gr/hapati at the unyoking of the jng's chariot, 41, 101 sq. ; offerings o A. Indumat, 12, 319 sq. ; obla- ions to A. Kama, 44, xlii sq. ; >ffering to A. Ka<vya<vdhana, 12, .30 sq.; 29, 421; 30, .106 ; prayer o A. Kavyavahana at the worship >f the fathers, 30, 227 sq., 233, 236 ; L called Mdtarhrvant 46, 119, 241, 192, 294 ; offering to A. Murdhan^vat^ 14, 34n., 3 son.; isNardsamsu^S, 10, 103; j*<? NaraVawsa ; offering to A. ^athiknt (path-maker), 30, 203 ; 44, diisq., u, i9isq., 3 son.; offerings o A. Pavamdnay and A. Pdi)aka^ 12, 104-8, 304 n., 307 n., 3i9sq. ; A. ^unshya brought from the earth's eat, 41, 201 sq., 201 n.; A» Puri- ;hya, favourable to cattle, 41, 205 sq., si4,2i6sq., 225-7, 257, 3os,3iosq.; he Agnis Purishyas, 41, 358 ; A. ^urishya, the fire of the soil, invoked, L4, 189; 46, 285 sq. ; invoked ts Rebba, the divine chanter, 42, [97, 690 sq. ; called Ri£/w, 46, 240, 243, 382 ; called Rudra, 41, 64 ; t6, 17, 228, 231, 325, 327, 371, 373; R.udra identified with A., 12, 200-2, joi n., 206 sq. ; 26, 343 n.; 42, 5i8sq. ; 43, is6sq., 160, i69sq., 172, 201 sq.; names of Rudra-Agni, 11, 159-61; called Sahasvat, 21, 5 n. ; see Sahampati ; expiatory :ake offering to A. Samvarga (the iespoiler), 44, 193 ; offering to A. ti, 12, 260 n. ; called
Sikhin, 21, 5 n.; expiatory cake offer- ing for A. Suki (the bright), 12, 304 n., 305 sq., 307 n., 308 ; 44, 194 ; A. Svisbtaknt (maker of good offer- ings), established by the gods, 12,
151 ; offerings and prayers to A. Svishtakr/t, 2, 202, 299; 12, 152,
152 n., 158, 199-208, 247, 320 sq., 334, 364, 372, 372 n., 382, 403, 412, 414; 14,304; 25,90; 26, 205 n., 207, 209, 3i6n., 351 sq., 35m., 383, 391 n., 395? 29, 43 sq., 84, 163 sq., 175, 192, 204, 208, 222, 272, 279, 29°, 337, 352, 387, 39i> 420; 30, 22, 35 sq., 40, too, 102, 145, 158,
191, 196, 222, 227, 236, 240, 242,
254, 264-6, 289 sq., 294; 41}4osq., 71-3, 105, 112 sq., 184 ; 44, 3 n.5 n, 18 sq., 36 sq., 41, 54, 65, 189 n., 253 sq., 253 n., 336 n., 337-9, 337 n., 351 n., 356, 358, 483; A. Svish/akrzt is Rudra, 44, 338; A. ^antumat worshipped, 29, 136; is Tanunapdt, 46, 10, 303 ; see Tanti- napat ; is the Uszg of the gods, the good-minded lord of prayers, 46, 52, 233, 261 sq., 297; A. Vai&v&nara ; the other Agnis (the other fires} are verily thy branches, 0 A. In thee all the im- mortals enjoy themselves. Vaisudnara ! Thoti art the centre of human settle- ments ; like a supporting' cohunn thou holdest men. The head of heaven^ the navel of the earth is A. ; he has become the steward of both worlds. Thee, a god, the gods have engendered, 0 Vais- v&nara^ to be a light for the Arya, 46,49; A. V. blazes sevenfold with- in the body, 8, 259 ; A. V. is the fire within man, by which the food is digested, 15, 193, 294, 312 sq. ; 34, 143 sq., 146 sq. ; 48, 287, 290 sq.; the sun rises as A. V., 15, 272 ; 41, 391 ; A. V. has mounted the firma- ment, the back of heaven, 46, 229 ; A. V. unites with the sun, 46, 127 ; A. V. as the funeral fire, 42, 12, 43, 58, 242, 580; what comes into connexion with A. V. becomes cooked, 41, 349, 398 ; the fiery spirit of A. V., 41, 404 ; A. V. is the elemental fire, 34, 144, 147; A. V. is the divinity whose body Is fire, 34, 144, 147 ; A. V. cannot be the divinity of fire, or the element of fire, 34, 148 sq, ; A. V. is all the fires, 41, 248 ; A. V., the third of the
14
AGNI
elements, a sign of the days, 48, 287 sq. ; the earth supports A. V.,
42, 200 ; sand is the seed of A. V., 41, 300, 310 sq., 351; gravel the ashes of A. V., 26, 120 ; A. V., the king of the kings, a god, 48, 288 ; discussion on the nature of A. V., 48, 393-8 ; offerings to A. V., 12, 386 n. ; 30, 203 ; 41, 57 sq., 125, 170, 250 sq.; 43, 207-14; 44, u, 277, 346 ; by offerings to A. V., one sanctifies ten ancestors, 14, 117; the Vaijv&iara gratia for A. V., 26, 298- 305 ; Diksha offering to A. V. at the building of the altar, 41, 247 sq. ; A. V. together with Ida, 41, 334; A. V. is the mouth of the sacrificial horse (Pra^pati), 43, 401 ; feeding A. V. is the true Agnihotra, 1, 89-91, 89 n. ; prayers and hymns to A. V., 26, 44; 42, 196 sq., 494; 43, 274-8; 44, 382 ; 46, 49 sq., 127, 228-35, 335- 7 ; the Ya^waya^iya, the praise of A.V,, 43, 253, 330; the initiated boy given in charge to A. V., 30, 154; prayer to A, V. Parikshit, 42, 197 sq., 691 sq. ; A. V. invoked, 29, 136, 225; 30, 183; 32, 353? 42,54, 80, 149; 46, /j2osq. ; A.V. celebrated by the jR/shis, 41, 285 n. ; invoked against evil-doers and demons of disease, 42, 35, 40 ; A. V. is the year, 12, 135 ; 41, 57 sq., 248, 250, 351 ; 43, 33; A.V. is all these worlds,
43, 208 ; A. V. has filled the worlds, and heaven and earth, 46, 233 ; A.V. is the earth, 26, 214 ; 44, 346 ; me- ditations on A. V. as the highest self, and the embodied self, 1, 84-91, 89 n.; 34, 144; 38, 187, 191, 233, 249, 292, 400 ; 48, 287-95, 629-32, 673, 677-9 ; A.V. is Purusha (man, per- son), 34, 146-8 ; 43, 398 ; 48, 292 ; A. V. shaped like a man, abiding within man, 48, 291; A. V. is Brah- man, 34, xxxv, 143-53 ; as A. V. the Lord abides in the creatures, 34, 149 sq. ; 48, 248 ; MSthava of Videgha carried A. V, in his mouth, 12, 104-6, io4n. ; A.V. is to be me3itated upon as a whole, not in his single parts, 34, Ixxv ; 38, 274-7, 279; the six .ftzshis who wished to obtain a knowledge of A. V., 38, 274-6 ; A. called Vasu, 46, 37, 43) 52, 103, 109 sq. (Vasu of the
Vasus), 129, 157 (Vasu together with the Vasus) ,211,215 (the highest V.), 236, 271, 277, 279, 283, 337, 372, 379, 415 sq. ; one of the eight Vasus, 1, 41; 15, 140 sq.; 26, 93; 41, 14911,, 150; 42, 116; 44, 116; expiatory cake offering and prayer to A. Hvtki (the discerning) at the Agnihotra, 44, 192 ; by offerings to A. Vratapatl one sanctifies ten ances- tors, 14, 117.
(<?) ANTHROPOMORPHIC CONCEPTION OF A. (his body, his food and drink, his chariot and horses, his wives, children, &c.).
The bricks of the fire-altar are his limbs, 41, 156 ; has three heads and seven rays (or reins), 46, 167, 168; with many faces (the fires), 46, 103, 248, 280; whose face is turned everywhere, 46, 125; whose face shines with ghee, 46, 158, 221, 391 ; his face is bright and beautiful, 46, 157 sq., 302, 340; ghee is his eye, 46, 293 ; is kindled four-eyed, 46, 23, 29 ; looks round with a hundred eyes, 46, 137 ; thousand- eyed, 41, 409; 42,402; 46, 104; with fiery, golden, strong jaws, 46, 33, 45, 157, 193, 303, 4^3 5 eats with his sharp jaws, he chews, he throws down the forests, 46, 157 ; spreading through the forests, shears the hair of the earth, 46, 54, 61, 129, 173 ; with sharp teeth, 46, 103, 335, 344, 360; the gold-toothed, 46, 366, 382 ; the tongues of A., 12, 74 ; 44, 189, 3 5 1 ; 46, 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 ; has seven tongues, 43, 205 ; with the sweet or sharp tongue, 46, 52, 153, 308, 340, 344, 416, 418 ; with agreeable speech, 46, 352 ; is yellow-haired, 43, 165 ; the flames, his golden hair, 46, 42, 129, 148, 268, 275, 296, 385; golden-bearded, 46, 382 ; his beard shaven by Pftshan, 30, 217 ; whose back is covered with ghee, 46, 375, 397 ; called the dark- necked one, 44, 316 sq. ; 46, 248 ; with ruddy limbs, 46, ,148, 248; A. is gold-breasted, 32, 416; golden- coloured, 46, 232, 234 sq., 325, 366; gold his seed, 12, 322 ; 26, 54, 59, 63, 238, 390; 44, 187, 275 n., 462, 467 ; the milk of the cow is A.'s seed, 12, 326, 330 ; 26, 54;
AGNI
15
feeding A. by kindling sticks, 41, 254-63 ; plants the food of A., 42, 4 2 5 43, 335 ; A. is the eater of food, 1, 159 5 12, 301, 323 ; 15, 314 ; 34, 116 sq. ; 44, 63 ; food offered to A. the eater of food, 12, 303 ; food-gainer, 12, 127; drinking Soma, 46, no, 128, 304 ; adorned with ghee, 46, 137 ; whose robe is ghee, 46,^275, 296; shoots with arrows, 46, 331 ; the red horses or flames of A., 32, 16, 19 sq., 24-7, 39 ; 46, 42, 141, 144, 167 sq., 202, 244 and 246 (seven-tongued), 308, 316, 340 sq., 379 sq. ; the stallions of A., 32, 140; harnesses his steeds, 41, 3995 the seven reins (or rays) of A., 46, 206-8 ; has a red or brown horse, 41, 257; 42, 422; when thou hast yoked to thy chariot the two Middy, red horses, whom the wind drives forward, and thy roaring is like that of a bull, then tho^t, movest the trees with thy banner of smoke. A. ! May we suffer no harm in thy friendship, 46,109,149,217; comes in a golden chariot, 46, 232, 233, 245, 269, 308, 348 ; his chariot is light, 46, 141 ; whose chariot is lightning, 46, 268 ; compared to a charioteer, 46, 160, 162, 193, 233, 292; is the quick chariot, 46, 261 sq. ; wives of A., 46, 59, 141-5? 220, 225 sq.; his wife, the flame, 21, 372 n. ; the lover of the dawn, 46, 67; the dawns, his divine consorts, 46, 336; beloved by Night and Dawn, 46, 74, 76 ; is the mate of the Kr;ttikas, 12, 283 ; is the mate of Vedi, 43, xvii, xvii n. ; legend of A. courting the waters, 12, 277 sq., 277 n. ; as a father begat the ruddy cows (dawns), 46, 220, 227 ; the germ of beings, the father ofDaksha,46, 296; produced Ekata, Dvita, and Trita, 42, 521 ; the kins- man or brother of the rivers, 46, 54.
/) THERIOMQRPHIC CONCEPTION OF A., AND HIS RELATIONS TO ANIMALS. A. (fire-altar) is an animal, 41, 342, 3*i, 363? 399 sq. ; 43, 40, 50, 78 ; identical with the animal vic- tims, 41, 1 64-6 ; Pra^pati wishes to perform sacrifice with A. as the victim, 44, 128 ; rules over all ani- mals, 42, 50 ; A. was an animal, and was sacrificed, and he gained that
world wherein A. ruleth, 44, 319; the animal living in the water and walking in the forest, 46, 164 ; the beast, mows off deserts and habit- able land like a mower, 46, 382, 387; shakes his horns, like a terrible beast, 46, 142 ; the buffalo hidden in the depth, 46, 147, 150; the strong bull, vnshan, 32, 144, 146; 46, 137, 142, 147, 167, 244, 271, 308, 312 sq., 326, 335, 366 sq., 370, 393 sq. (red), 423 ; the bull with a thousand horns, 42, 105, 208 sq., 373 5 46, 364; ox sacred to A., 12, 322; 44, 438; Nights and Dawns have been lowing for A., as for the calf, 46, 193 ; the young calf, which Night and Dawn suckle, 46, 114, 116, 119, 124, 167 sq. ; com- pared to a horse, 12, 102 n., 109, 121 ; 46, 16, 57, 67, 9r, 158, 176, 206 sq., 217, 22o? 229, 285, 292, 296 sq., 302, 317, 344, 360, 363 (white racer) ; shaking his tongue among the plants he waves his tail like a horse, 46, 202 ; led forward by a great rope (like a horse), 46, 308, 312 ; is cleaned or groomed like a horse, 46, 360, 364; the horse is A,, 41, 204, 212; the white horse, 26, 149; 41, 360; led forward by the horse, 41, 356 sq. ; white horse led in front of Agni, 41, 359 ; a horse (sun) indicates A. at the AgnUayana, 41, 207-12 ; the roaring snake, 46, 103, 105 ; the serpent with beautiful splendour, the winged (son?) of Prwni, lights up both gods and men, 46, 193, 196; as a bird, 41, 157; 44, 435; 46, 119, 240, 242, 249 ; the embryonic A. fashioned into a bird, 41, 273-5; the divine eagle or the lightning, 42, 401 ; his flames are winged, 46, 33 1 ; — the ass sacred to A., 29, 366 ; rules over cattle, 26, 343, 343 n. ; 41, 187; see also above, p. 13, A. Purishya; is the cattle, 41, 196 sq., 198, 392 ; the gods collected A. from out of the cattle, 41, 230 ; worshipped at sacrifices for the thriving of cattle, 30, 89, 185 sq. ; invoked to pro- tect the footsteps of the cattle, 46, 61-3 ; implored for nourishment of the cow, 46, 222; accompanied by
16
AGNI
three milch cows (oblations or dawns?), 46, 206, 208; has per- forated, as it were, the pure udder of the cows, 46, 309 ; has found the cows (the waters, the sun), 46, 397 sq.
(g) HIS RELATIONS TO THE OTHER GODS IN GENERAL.
Conveys the sacrifice to the gods, 12, 102 sq. n., 113, 116 sq., 127, 322; 33, 255; 41, 398; 43, 124, 268; 46, 32, 42, 61, 83, 100, 135, i?9, 222, 256, 283, 300, 302, 348, 397 J the carrier (vahni) of oblations, 32, 37 sq.; 46, 37 sq., 52, 138, 228, 241, 259, 261, 296, 303, 346, 375, 379, 39i, 4i6, 418, 423 ; the gods made him the carrier of offerings, 46, 261, 2753 385 sq. ; the approacher of the gods, 43, 194 ; conveys the oblations addressed to the manes, 7, 84; brings the gods to the sacrifice, 12, 117 sq., 134, 203, 426 sq.; 26, 377; 43, 197 sq.; 46, i, 6 sq., 8, 24, 37 sq., 42 sq., 92, 100, 108, 153, 179, 236, 241, 244, 249, 268, 279, 291, 316, 346, 364, 375, 377, 4^8; A, invoked to bring A. to the sacrifice, 12, 426 sq., 427 n.; 46, 38, 41; the helpful carrier of the gods, 46, 137, 2 4°, 3°7 5 the messenger of gods and men, 12, 103 n., no sq,, 121, 129; 26, 115; 30, 10, 1 10, 145; 42, 64, 113; 46, 6,. 31, 37 sq., 52, 74, 83, 92, 179, 209, 215, 217, 232, 240, 244, 257, 261, 275, 308, 316, 343 sq-, 346, 348, 372, 380, 385, 391, 412, 418; knows best the ascents to heaven, 46, 344, 346; the steward of the gods, 46, 202, 307 ; calls the gods to the feast, 12, 91 ; the best invoker of the gods, the dispenser of a thousand bounties, 44, 66 ; in- voked to announce the song to the gods, 46, 1 6, 273 ; promulgates all the races of the gods, 42, 50, 308 ; knows the gods well, 12, 133; pre- pares the way that leads to the gods, 42, 184 ; legend of the gods who deposited their beasts with A., 12, 347 ; legend of the gods de- positing all forms with A., 12, 314 sq., 3i4n. ; passed over from the gods to men, but not with his whole body, 12, 306 ; the gods have set him to work at the bottom
of the air, 46, 193 ; the gods have established A. among men, 46, 202 ; the gods fashioned the opening sacrifice from out of A., 44, £38 ; is a worshipper of the gods, 46, 67, 232, 318 ; belongs to all the deities,
41, 375; 46, 173; the gods take food with A. as their mouth, 41, 312; 44, 350, 418; 46, 45, 95,io8, 1 88; together with all Agnis, with the gods, 46, 289 ; invoked together with other gods, 42, 80 ; through A. the gods have won glory and strength, 46, 89, 130; the A,-eyed gods in the east, 41, 48 sq. ; leader of the gods in slaying Vri'tra, 12, 408 sq., 418, 449 sq. ; has by fighting gained wide space for the gods, 46, 49 ; the gods did service to A,, 46, 257 ; reigns among gods and among mortals, 46, 416 ; en- compassed all the gods by his great- ness, 46, 64 ; gods afraid of A. (Rudra), 43, 156 sq., 202 ; A. going in front of the gods is anointed with the song, 46, 180; A. is the head, the progenitor of the gods, he is the lord of creatures, 26, 218; the progenitor of deities, 12, 386 ; is the first of all gods, 7, 265 ;
42, 160; is the leader of the divine hosts, 26, 184 ; is god of the gods, 46, 109; the banner of the gods, 46, 17, 22 1 ; A. is all the deities ', since in A. one offers to all deities, 41, 44; 12, 162 sq., 168 ; 26, 12, 90, 428 ; 41, 285 ; A. (fire-altar) is all beings, all the gods, 43, 388; is the self, the body of all the gods, 41, 369 ; 43, 256 ; 44, 505 ; is the put-breathing of the gods, 43, 295 ; identified, in turn, with all the gods, 46, 186-92; identified with Varuwa, Mitra, the Vijvedevas, Indra, and Aryaman, 46, 371.
(b) A. AS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL OTHER GODS.^
A. and Adltya^ see below A. Fdyu, Aditya, and see (i) Agni and the solar deities ; A. and A^vin^ see (i) A. and the solar deities ; A. compared with Bhaga, 46, 281,, 401 ; A. could not burn a straw put before him by Brahman^ 1, 150; runs away from terror of Brahman, 15, 59 ; Brahman is A., 43, 85 ; is
AGNI
17
the mouth of Brahman, 48, 289 ; fastened the amulet on, which Bri&aspati tied, 42, 85 ; identified with the regions (Disas), 48, 70, 164 sq,, 246, 263, 263 n. ; A. incites Dyaus to commit incest with his daughter, 46, 74, 78 ; identified with Dvita, 46, 405 sq. ; A. is the Gandharva, his Apsaras are the herbs, 30, 146 n. ; 43, 231 ; joined with Ida, 46, 375 ; A. and Indra, mutual relation between them, 12, xvi sq. n., 419; is speech, I. breath, 41, 154; I. the nobility, A. the priesthood, 43, 342, 344; the place of A., I., and the Vuve Dev&s at various sacrifices, 12, xviii sq. and n. ; * For me have A. and I. accomplished my divine aim,' 80, 179; sacrifice to A. and I. every month for one year after the child's birth, 30, 59 ; offerings to A. and I., as destroyers of demons, 42, 64 ; A., L, and Surya worshipped at the Sho^ajin, 26, 404-6 ; A. and I. drink the pressed Soma, 46, 285, 291 ; brought the Soma-drink to Indra, 42, 116, 241; finds Indra and stays with him, 12, 175 sq. ; Dhatr/ shaved the head of A. and L, 29, 185 ; I., Soma, and A., 26, 22 ; 42, 117, 122, 222; 44, 441; A., I., Surya, superior gods, 26, 402- 4 ; kings appear as A., L, Soma, Yama, and the God of Riches, 33, 217 sq. ; see also under Indra; Kama and A. invoked together, 42, 221 sq., 359, 592; A. is Keta, 29, 348 ; invoked in company with the Maruts, 32, 53, 68 sq., 82, 94, 337, 339, 3^2-4, 369, 375, 3^6, 392 sq., 399 ; 46, 82, 84, 266, 292 sq. ; A. and the Maruts invoked at the restora- tion of an exiled king, 42, 112, 328 ; produced the host of the seven jRzshis or of the Maruts (?), 46, 75, 80; compared with the Maruts, 46, 130, 138, 341; the Maruts the guardsmen, and A. the chamberlain of king Marutta, 44, 397 ; and Mitra (or 'friend'), 32, 82, 94; is great, and a friend, like Mitra, 46, 38, 46, 100, 158, 193, 202, 333, 341, 371, 389, 401 ; identified with Mitra, 46, 109, 112, 119, 240 sq. ; and Mitra invoked together, 46,
387; A., Mitra, Varu«a, and the Maruts sing to A. a pleasant song, 46, 268 ; Surya, A., and Pragdpatz, the deities of the Agnihotra, 29, 161, 161 n.; sacrifice to A. and Pra^apati, 33, 376 ; restores Pra#a- pati who had become relaxed, 41, 151-4, 168 ; is the right arm of Pra^apati, 43, xx; is the pro- genitor of the deities, he is Pra^a- pati, 12, 386 ; Pra^apati identified with A., 41, xxvii, 144, 148, 151,
153 sq., 165, 167-9, 172 sq., 174, 183, 240 sq., 245, 284, 290, 309, 313, 330, 341, 353, 377, 386 ; 43, xvii, xix-xxiii, 66 ; 44, xviii, 275 n. ; A. (fire-altar) is Pra^apati, 43, 49, 54, 57, 70 sq., 92, 127, 159 sq., 181, 189 sq., 229, 234, 270, 300, 300 n.,
309, 3I3-I5, 321-7, 34i, 345~7, 349-52, 362 ; Prithivi (Earth) with A. invoked in danger, 29, 232; oblations to Earth and A., 29, 321; if Ap&na is satisfied, the tongue is satisfied, if the tongue is satisfied, A. and the earth are satisfied, 1, 90 ; terrestrial serpents belonging to A.,
29, 328 sq.; is the lotus of this earth, 26, 277 ; A. is this earth, 41,
154 sq., 169, 183, 347, 364 ; Pushan has shaven the beard of A., BO, 217 ; offering to A. and Pfishan, 41, 54 n., 55 ; Rudraw&di A., see (JjNamesof A.; Savitri brought A. above the earth, 15, 238; raises his arms like Savitrf, 46, 1 1 5 ; like Savitrz he has sent his light upward, 46, 340; is truthful like Savitrz, 46, 88 ; is Savitrz, 41, 191 sq. ; SavitH and A. invoked to- gether, 42, 210; Skanda, son of A., 49 (i) 12 ; A. and Soma, offerings to A. and S. conjointly, 2, 299 ; 12, 43, 159-75, 202, 250, 364; 25, 90; 26, 106-8, 155-62; 29, 161, 390;
30, 254, 336 ; 41, 45, 54 n., 56, 69, 71; 44, 254, 350 n.; new and full moon offerings to A. and S., 12, 43, 236 sq., 375, 377~8o, 377 B. ; 29, 17 n., 392; 30, 37; 44, 3 n., 6, 1 6, 36 sq., 54; animal sacrifices for A. and S., 2, 68 ; 26, 82 sq., 162, 181-222, 225 ; 30, 346; 38, 274, 274 n.; 41, 68 sq. ; 44, 141, 372 n., 404 ; 48, 598 ; A., S., and Vish«u are made parts of the thunderbolt, 26, 1 08, 1 08 n. ; oblations to A.
18
AGNI
and Vishmi, at the Dajapeya, 41, 113 sq,, n6 n,, 118 ; A. and S. in- voked against sorcerers, 42, 65 ; for A. and S. the Brahmans beg the sterile cow, 42, 176 ; relation be- tween A. and S., 26, xviii sq. ; offering to A. first, then to S., 26, 386 ; what is dry relates to A., moist to S., 12, 169, 175 ; black related to S., white to A., 12, 175; the waters support A. and S., 42, 146 sq. ; A. the day, S. the night, 26, 108 ; from out of A. and S. the gods formed the day of fasting, 44, 139; A. compared with Soma, 46, 360, 362; glory of Indra, A,, and S., 26, 22 ; 42, 117, 122, 222 ; A. and Surya, see (i) A. and the solar deities ; Trita blows upon A., 46, 387 ; A. and Us has, see (i) A. and the solar deities; A. and Fdk (speech), 26, 365 n., 367 n. ; having bestowed a share on A., he bestows lordship on speech, 48, 67 ; A. worshipped in connexion with Varu^a^ 26, 383 ; 46, 307 ; Variitfa, Soma, A., 42, 135 ; A. alone rules over gods like Varima, 46, 157; Varu»a, Mitra, A., 26, 285 sq. ; 46, 236; through A., Varuwa, Mitra, and Aryaman are glorious, 46, 148 ; Varuwa identi- fied with A., 48, 238 sq. ; 46, 240 ; and the Vasus, see above, p. 14 ; A., Fdyu, and Indra are above the other gods, 1, 151^; A. who sees, Vayu who hears, Aditya who brings to light, 2, 114 ; A., Vayu, and Aditya (or Sfirya), 1, 203; 15, 48 sq,, 308; 30, 152 sq.; 48, 187; 44, 265, 291; A. divided himself into A., Vlyu, and Aditya, 15, 75 ; 41, 284 ; A. and the earth, Vdyu and the air, Aditya (Surya, sun) and the sky or heaven, 12, 325-7 ; 30, 231; 41, 204; 43, 90 sq.; 44, 27 ; A., Vayu, and Aditya are all the light, 1, 54; 41, 210, 239; 43, 388 sq.; 44, 102, 508; A., V&yu, and Aditya are the hearts of the gods, 43, 162^ light is A., might Vlyu, glory Aditya, 44, 173 ; A,, Vayu, Aditya, and Zandramas identified with the four fires, 44, 127; A. is Viyu, 43, 363; A. is lrira%> 43, 360 ; is Vira#, is the regions, is the vital airs, 43, 70,
164 sq. ; A. and Vishnu are the two halves of the sacrifice, 26, 1 2 ; offer- ings to A. and Vishwu, 12, 7 ; 26, 12 sq.; 29, i8n.; 41, 44 sq., 54 sq., 54 n., 247 sq. ; 44, 140 ; Visrmu and A. identified, 41, 276 ; A. is Vh<ua- karman, 43, 189 sq., 204, 266-8, 266 n. ; invoked with Vijvakarman, 44, 202 sq. ; A. (the funeral pyre) the guide to Tama's seat, 42, 90 ; A. is death, 12, 324; 38, 267 ; 43, 365-
(/) A A. AND THE SOLAR DEITIES
(ADITYA, SURYA, USHAS, THE
The Sun appeared when A. had been born, 46, 326, 330; the Red one, the rising sun, 32, 21-3; A. is the sun (Aditya, Surya), 15, 46 ; 41, 216 sq., 222 sq., 226, 231, 271, 273, 275, 304 sq,, 308 sq., 309 n., 364, 400, 404 ; 42, 208- n, 213, 661, 664; 43, 195, 349, 363; 46,49,116, 167 sq., 193; see also above A. Vai j-vanara (p. 1 3 ) ; A. is the piece of gold shining between heaven and earth, 46, 119, 124; is placed on the highest skin (the sky?), 46, 164, 166; is like the sun, 46, 67, 173, 176, 194, 213, 230, 268, 350, 418; established in the sun, 43, 239 sq. ; 46, 70; is sun-rayed, 43, 105 ; A.'s breath taken by the sun, whence fire does not blaze, unless fanned, 44, 130; is the light, when the sun goes down, 12, 335 ; the light of men, 12, 361 ; 43, 117 ; is all the light in this world, 41, 38/1 sq. ; by kindling A. men make the sun rise, 46, 379, 381, 403 sq. ; dis- covered the light, 46, 293; has found the sun, 46, 119, 233, 292, 397 sq. ; the sun, the day, and the waxing half-moon relate to A., 12, 169; the sight of A. and the sun, i.e. this life, 42, 53 ; is heat and light, to him offering is made in Aditya, at the Agnihotra, 44, 112 sq. ; A. united with A., Savitr/, Sfirya, 44, 469 sq. ; by means of A. and Aditya the sacrificer ascends to heaven, 44, 473 ; the eye of Sfirya, the eyeball of A., 26, 77 ; Sfirya, the eye of Mitra, Varu/za, and A., 26, 343 ; 41, 408 ; A,, Sfirya, the waters, and all
AGNI
19
the gods, 42, 205 ; the brilliancy of A. and Surya transferred upon a king, 42, 1 16 ; A. and the man in the sun are not equal, 38, 267 ; one half of the year (when the sun moves northward) belongs to A., 15, 316; A. on this side, and the sun on the other side of the world, 44, 405 ; hymns addressed to A. in his matu- tinal character, together with Ushas, the Ajvins, and Surya, 46, 37-9, 42-4, 281, 356-9; awakens at dawn, 46, 131, 230, 240, 341; reigns by night and at the break of dawn, 46, 103 ; is the splendour of the dawn, he makes the dawns shine, being kindled in the morning, 46, 108, 194, 244, 271, 363, 423; praised and kindled in the evening and at dawn, 46, 213, 307, 3545 deity of the eastern region, 26, 50 ; 41, 206, 29 1 ; 42, 192 ; 43, 3 sq. and n., 105, 199> 337 ; the KHttikas (in the east) and the month K&rttika sacred to A., 7, 265; 12, 282 sq.
(j) A. AS DESTROYER OF DEMONS AND ALL HOSTILE POWERS. .
A. is the repeller of the Rakshas,
187, 38osq.; 41, 52, 371 sq.n.; 42, 64 sq., 402 ; 44, 464, 497 ; 46, 49, 102, 346, 367 sq., 397 ; invoked as Raksho- han, for protection against sorcerers, demons, and evil, 42, 35 sq., 40, 64 sq., 77, 190, 408, 475; spells and wicked men, 46, 32 sq., 96, 103, 109, 125, 138, 170, 181, 233, 271, 273, 277, 289, 326 sq., 331-4, 352, 372, 375, 383; has encompassed the demons, 30, 212 ; invoked against the demons harassing chil- dren, 30, 212 ; with A. the gods conquered the demons (Asuras), 12, 54 sq.} 57 ; 42, 180 ; 46, 303 ; gainer of battles, helps against spells, 42, 78, 1 80; is removed from the demon of hostility, 42, 51, 365 ; invoked to drive away fever, 42, i, 443 ; takman (fever) comes, as it were, from A., 42, 3 ; drives away sickness, 46, 6 ; the destroyer of darkness, 46, 141 ; removes the poison of snakes, 42, 154; the destroyer of enemies or of Vr/tra, 46, 49, 51, 92, 102, 281 ; the con- queror of deceitful foes, 46, 129,
c
360 ; the repeller of shafts, 43, 100; devours the hateful enemies, thieves and robbers, 41, 259; invoked against rivals and enemies, 42, 210 sq., 221 sq.; removes sins and their consequences, 42, 163-5, 167, 525 ; 46, 181; drives away all evils, 12, 345; 41, 229, 360; 43, 84 sq.; burnt up the evil of the gods, 41, 259 ; is the remedy for cold, 44, 315- (k) EXCELLENT QUALITIES AND
TRANSCENDENT POWERS OF A.
A. is a sage, 12, 91 ; 44, 189, 192, 194; 46, 22 sq., 75, 103, &c.; is skilful, thoughtful, 46, 269, 391 ; the omniscient, 46, 303, 375 ; the great seer, the best Rishi, 46, 1 14 sq., 1 18, 283 ; compared to a &shi, 46, 57 ; a singer, 46, 271 ; a good guide, 46, 317 ; is the guide of Brahma»as, 42, 170; is the eye of gods and men, 43, 199 sq. ; knows the birth of gods and men, 46, 70; is im- mortal, 12, 261; 42, 57; 43, 296; 46, 37 sq., 70, 100, 217, 232, 269, 281, &c. ; alone was immortal, when the gods were still mortal, 12, 310; gods laid immortality into A., 43, 156, 177 sq., 256 ; the gods made him the navel of immor- tality, 46, 275 ; the mortals have generated the immortal A., 46, 303; has a knowledge of immortality, 42, 60; reigns over immortality, 46, 423; is busy for the sake of immortality, 46, 291 ; the drink of immortality is in his mouth, 46, 293 ; is imperishable and inex- haustible, 30, 231 ; 41, 284; is long- lived through the trees, 29, 294 ; never grows old, 46, 131, 167; in whom all life dwells, 46, 138; en- dowed with hundredfold life, 46, 176 ; the ancient one, 46, 268 sq., 281 ; having grown old he has suddenly become young again, 46, 202 ; the youngest god, 12, 102 n., 108, 108 n., 120, 204; 41, 257 sq., 284, 296, 413 ; 43, 204; 46, 31, 33, 37, 147 sq., 170, 181, 21 r, 256, 279; 3oo, 317, 33i sq-,, 354, 364, 372, 385, 418, 420 ; the young child, 1, 141, 142, 145, 164; is like a beautiful youth, 46, 217 ; is ever- young, a youthful sage, 43, 276 ;
20
AGNI
44, 189 ; 46, 13, 23, 363 ; is lord of all powers, 46, 1 14 sq. ; is self-depen- dent, 46, 281, 350, 354, 371 ; pos- sesses mysterious power, 46, 389; is the lord and increaser of strength, 46, 164, 259, 380; the baby quail, by the mystic Act of Truth, drives back the great A., 35, 180 n., 185 n.
(/) A, AS A KIND AND HELPFUL GOD.
A guardian and a father, 44, 439 ; 46, 23 sq. ; leads one over the paths, 44, 438 ; is like a beloved wife, 46, 88 ; the good abode is A., for A. abides with all creatures in this world, 44, 457 ; is the friend of men, 32, 82, 94 ; 44, 189 ; 46, 95 ; the safest and nearest of the gods, 12, 163 ; is the lowest god, i.e. nearest to men, 46, 307, 311 ; looks on all creatures, since he has been born, 46, 137; gives health and wealth, 12, 236; 26, 241 ; 32, 194 ; 46, 379 ; strength, beauty, and wealth dwell in A., 46, 1 8 8 ; winner of horses, giver of wealth, 46, 209 ; invoked for the treasure of Dyatis or Heaven, 46, 308 sq. ; lord of treasures, 44, 1 92 ; 46, 4 9, 52, 70, 82, 215, 375; addressed as food on which everything lives, 46, 37, 40 ; every nourishment goes towards A., 46, 75 ; all-enlivener, 46, 281 ; is all-wealthy, 46, 157, 170; is a bountiful Lord (maghavan), 46, 131, 167, 187; is like the udder of the ccws, and the sweetness of food, 46, 67 sq. ; called ' the well- harnessed wealth,' 46, 89, 91 ; gives wealth, long life, offspring, victory, and booty in battle to those who praise him, 46, 22 sq,, 31 sq., 37, 45 sq., &c. ; a healer, creator of medicine, 30, 143, 145; the god who gives rain, 46, 292, 302. (m) A. THE GOD OF THE HOUSE AND THE CLAN.
The householder or lord of the house (gr/hapati), 42, 183; 44,189; 46,31,52,64,130,176,352,385,413; jee also above A. Gr/hapati (p. 13) ; worshipped in the house, 46, 88 ; the guest of the clans, or of the house, 41, 281, 290, 292 ; 46, 137, 202, 228, 233, 292, 309 sq./364, 371,
375» 385, 405 ; the house-lord of this world, 26, 453 n. ; worshipped at the house-building, 29, 347 ; wor- shipped on entering a new house, 29, 95 sq.; 42, 141 ; worshipped on returning home from a journey, 29, 97 ; protects the house, 12, 358 sq. ; invoked to protect the house from fire, 42, 147; prayer to A., at the removal of a house, 42, 194- 6, 600 ; a friend of the house (damunas), 46, 67, 142, 221, 229 sq., 233,^240, 332, 352, 364, 375, 385; is in every house, 46, 343; the lord of the human clans, 46, 13, 52, 130, 187, 233,363, 375, 379, 387 ; is the shepherd of the clans, 46, 108, 119; belongs to many people, dwells among all the clans, 46, 31, 54, 67, 102, 104, 173, 229 sq., 261, 379? 397, 4*45 the king or leader of the human tribes, 46, 49, 194, 244, 259; protects all settlements, 46, 88.
(n) A. AS CONNECTED WITH WOMEN AND MARRIAGE.
Women belong to A., 14, 133; gave women purity of all limbs, 14, 233 ; the wife-leader, 26, 367, 367 n. ; the third husband of the bride, 29, 278 sq. ; 30, 190 ; 42, 254, 323 ; the lover of maidens, the husband of wives, 46, 57, 59 ; the girls sacrifice to A., 29, 44, 282 ; gives the bride to the husband, 29t 283 ; at the marriage of Soma and Suryft, 26, xiv ; 29, 283 ; prayers and offerings to A. at marriage rites, 2, 305; 29,27, 32, i68sq.; 30, 49> 187 sq., 190; unites husband and wife, 46, 371 ; invoked for the pro- tection of the bride, 29, 41, 44, 281 sq., 288 ; invoked by a maiden for a husband, 42, 94, 323 ; invoked in a love-charm, 42, 104 ; invoked to cause the return of a truant woman, 42, 106; the blood of the woman is a form of A., 1, 232 ; dwells in the menstrual discharge of a maiden, 33, 171 n. ; is the causer of sexual union, the progenitor, 26, 98; 29, 27; men worship A,, together with their wives, 46, 82; identified with the sacrificer's wife, 46, 348 ; with the wives of the gods, 26, 365 n. ; invoked for off-
AGNI
21
spring, 14, 84 ; 29, 43 ; 46, 222 ; protects the offspring, 12, 358 sq. ; is both offspring and lord of off- spring, 43, 181; invoked for the new-born child, 29, 52, 54, 294; 30, 59, 213, 215 sq. ; invoked for a child born under an unlucky star,
42, 109 sq. ; * A man is A./ Puw- savana prayer, 30, 54 ; invoked to promote virility, 42, 32.
(o) A. AS THE SACRIFICIAL FIRE AND THE FIRE-ALTAR.
Is the sacrificial fire, 15, 77 ; 44, xxi sq., 248 ; 46, r 3, 22, 24, 3 1-3, 45, &c. ; all sacrifices performed in A., 26, 389; 41, 312; material for sacrifice, A.'s body, 12, 26 ; putting firewood on is regaling A. with food,
43, 189, 191 ; 44, 268 ; the eater of oblations, 43, 398 ; taking his seat in ghr/ta, 46, 399 ; swims in ghr/ta, 46,418; ghee is sacred to A., 43, 189; is the vessel in which offerings are made to the gods, 12, 117; A. seen at the sacrificial place, 41, 207 ; sits on the Vedt or the sacrificial bed, 46, 141 ; has always sacrificial straw spread for him, 43, 122 ; grown strong on the Dhish^ya altars, 46, 325, 328 ; has come to sit down on the sacrificial grass, 46, 348; A. Ukhya (the fire in the pan), 43, 24 ; in the fire-pan driven about at the Agni/fcayana, 41, 289- 93 ; the Ukhya Agni as an embryo, 43, 272 sq. ; installation and consecration ot A., 43, 207- 41, 246 sq., 251 sq. ; the Vasor dhara the Abhisheka of A., 43, 213- 15, 213 sq. n., 219 sq., 224 sq. ; as the fire-altar, 38, 260-8; 41, 144, &c. ; 43, xix-xxiv, i, &c. ; leading forward of A. to the fire- altar, 43, 188-207 ; the lump of clay representing A., 41, 203-29 ; the AgnUit (builder of fire-altar) becomes A., 43, 296 ; prayers for prosperity to A. (fire-altar), 43, 1 08 sq. ; doctrines of mystic imports regarding A. (fire-altar), 43, 363- 6 ; A. (fire-altar) identified with Arka (plant and Might'), 43, 336, 342, 346-9, 398 sq., 404 ; bricks of the fire-altar, different Agnis, 43, 128, 130, 222, 222 n. ; A. (fire-altar) consists ot three bricks, viz. Ri&,
Ya#us, Saman,43, 374; A.(fire-altar), Arkya, and Mahad uktham (great litany), a triad, 44, 172; A. (fire-altar) is the year, 41, 167, 169, 183-5, 198, 206, 220, 232, 244, 250, 254, 260, 269, 271 sq., 293, 295, 307, 330, 333, 535-9, 355, 358, 372, 386; 43, 29 sq., 49, 163, 166 sq., 177, 184, 193, 204 sq., 207, 216, 219-22, 219 n., 240, 253 sq., 271, 281, 294, 320 sq., 323 sq., 349-52, 357-60, 362-4, 386 ; see also A. Vaijvanara above, p. 13 sq. ; carried about by the sacrifice!" for a whole year, 43, xix, xxiii ; names of the months as manifestations of A. (the year), 4B, 219, 219 n. ; A. (fire-altar) is all objects of desire, 43, 313. See also Fire-altar,
(p) MEN (OR DEMI-GODS) AND FAMI- LIES WHO FIRST ESTABLISHED A. Established by different families of priests, 46, 52 sq. ; and the An- giras, 26, 1 1 3 sq. ; 46, 391 ; sacrificed tor Angiras, 46, 24 ; was praised by Angiras, 46, 102 ; kindled by Apna- •vdna, 46, ^343 ; the guest in the clans ot Ayu, '46, 194, 202; the praise of Ayu, 46, 341, 371; the Ayus have brought him to every house, 46, 52, 343 ; among the Bhqradtvdgas,4&) 50; placed among men by the Bbrlgus, 46, 45, 157, 343 ; the Bhr/gus, worshipping him in the abode of the waters, have established him among the clans of Ayu, 46, 202 ; established by Manus ^ 46, 230, 256, 275, 287 sq., 412; in- flamed by Manus in the abode of Id, 46, 217 ; the Purohita of Manus, 46, 232 ; was born in Manu's firm law, 46, 137 ; kindled by gods, Manu, jR/shis, 12, 1 16 ; being born in the highest heaven A. became visible to Matarfevan. By the power of his mind, by his greatness when kindled, his flame filled Heaven and £arth with light, 46, 157 ; Mataruvan produced A by attrition, 46, 74, 147, i73;Matarijvan brought A. to Bhr/gu and Manu, 46, 52, 137; became manifest to MatarLrvan, 46, 22, 256; the clan- lord of the Nabusba, 46, 23 ; in the homestead ofPurunttha Satavaneya, 46, 50 ; whom the Purus worship, 46, 49 ; the Usigs have set him down
22
AGNI
as Hot™, 46, 52 sq., 34i> 37i ; kindled by mortals and by the 46, 372 ; the messenger of 46, 22, 45, 47, 391 sq. (g) A. AS A PRIEST, AND HIS RELA- TIONS TO THE PRIESTHOOD.
A., the priest, 32, 38; 41, 281 (seated on the altar) ; 42, 50, 109 sq.; 43, 277; 44, xxi sq., 189, 192, 194; 46, 164, 178, 237 (slaughterer), 240, 259 (r/tvfc), 266, 283, 292, 302, 346 ; his priestly power, 42, 221; the Hot;-;' priest, 12, 47, io2sq.n., 108, in, 129, isSsq., 203 sq., 250 sq., 427; 15,122; 26,114,118,377; 29, 194 sq.; 41, 219, 255, 399; 46, i, 6, 8, 22, 31, &c., 206, 215 (on the Hotr/'s seat), 236, 238 (has sat down at heaven's navel), 275 sq., 325 (the Hotr/ of the two worlds), 340 sq., 363 sq.; legend of the gods choosing A. for their Hot/-/ priest, 12, 87-9 ; Pravara, choosing A. the Divine Hotr/', 12, 114-20, ii4n., 132-5; crosses the sacrificial seat of the worshipper like a Hotr/, 46, 88 ; the god of the seven Hotr/s, 46, 303, 343 sq. ; Hotr/ invokes the help of A. for his work, 12, 135 ; Hotr/ relates to A., 44, 136,314; the Purohita of the gods, 42, 79; 46, i, 38, 41, 45, 137, 228 sq., 261, 391, 401 sq.; the best sacrificer, 12, in; 46, 100, 119, 129, 137, 176, 194, 215, 236, 259, 266, 268, &c. ; A. offers to A., 34, 215; A. is kindled by A., 44, 189; a performer of worship, like Soina, 46, 54 ; invoked to make the offerings ready, 46, 154, 180; in- voked to sacrifice for men to the gods, 46, 95, 96, 100, 108, 198, 209, 215, 221, 228, 236 sq., 259, 268, 275, 279, 291, 303 sq., 395, 412, 418, 423 ; mixes the honey drink, 46, 218; knows the art of sacrific- ing and is a separator of sacrificial fires that have become mixed, 46, 385 sq. ; offices of the seven priests ascribed to A., 46, 186, 189, 348; the Agnidhra is A., 12, 229 ; 26, 368 ; knows the duties of every priest, 46, 1 08 sq, ; dismissed at the end of sacrifice, 26, 377; received gold as Dakshba, 26, 347 sq. ; flame of A., his sacrificial ladle, 46, 96, 99 ;
may burn a priest passing between the hearths, 26, 153 ; the priests make him grow, 46, 395 ; is the Brahman (priesthood), 12, xvi~ xviii, 90, n4sq., 134; 26, 37 sq.;
41, 89 ; 48, 342, 344 ; is both priest- hood and nobility, 43, 235 ; A. is a Brahma«a, 2, 13 n. ; 12, n^sq. ; 14, r 38 ; to A. belongs the BrShmawa, 29, 307 ; 44, 89.
(/•) A. IN HIS RELATION TO THE
SACRIFICE AND THE SACRIFICER.
Protects the offering, 12, 19 ; 46, 137; the beacon or banner of sacri- fice, 46, 52, 119, 130, 232, 259, 261, 302, 391 ; the first at the sacrifices, 46, 100, 410; the king of sacrifice, 12, 354; 46, 325 ; the promoter or guide of sacrifice, 44, 351 ; 46, 137, 164, 266, 287 ; is achiever and father of sacrifices, 46, 206, 232; friend or kinsman of sacrifices, 46, 244, 308 ; goes thrice round the sacrifice, 46, 340, 360 ; produces joy at all sacri- fices, 46, 343 ; comes eagerly to the sacrifice, 46, 92 ; 48, 331 ; is the sacrifice, 26, 37 sq. ; 41, 45 ; what is dry in the sacrifice, is of A.'s nature, 26, 49 ; the fire-wood puri- fied for A. by sprinkling water on it, 12, 84 ; the Brahman's portion does not injure A., 12, 213; is allowed a share in every offering, 12, 364 ; anointed with sacrificial gifts, 46, 115 ; worshipped with hottest kindling-sticks, 46, 129 ; in- voked as personified in each log of fuel put on the sacrificial fire, 46, 236, 238 ; is to be magnified at the sacrifices, 46, 343 ; they walk around A., like obedient servants, 46, 131 ; to A. belongs this sacrifice. A. is the light) the burner of evil: ]ie burns away the eml of this (sacrificer); andthelatto becomes a light of prosperity awl glory iu this, and a light of bliss in yonder,, woM, 12j 315; man maintains A. in this world, A. will maintain him in yonder world, 12, 342 sq. ; the sacrificer reaches the world of A., 12, 450;
42, 189 ; by means of A, (fire-altar), the sacrificer ascends the heavenly world, 43, 198-200; 44,205,473; A. is the sacrificer, 43, xxiii, 146 sq., 186, 197, 201, 253, 262, 300, 300 n., 309, 313-15, 321-7, 34i ; 44, 142 :
AGNI
23
46, 348; the woof of the Dik- shita's cloth belongs to A., 26, 9; the Dikshita gives himself up to A. for protection when he lies down to sleep, 26, 44 sq. ; solicits from the gods the sacrificer's desire, 12, 253 ; the sacrificer makes A. his father, brother, son, and friend, 46, 187, 372-4- (j) SACRIFICES TO A.
Burnt- oblations (cake and butter offerings) to A.; 2, 202, 299; 12, 118, 150, 234-6, 386, 401 sq., 406 sq. n., 411, 413, 418 ; 14,303, 307; 15, 21 1 ; 26, 364 n,, 389 sq., 389 n. ; 29, 27; 30, 34 sq., 143-5, 336 sq.; 41, 50-2, 250; 44, 29, 36 sq., 41; 48, 144, 155; nour- ished by offerings of butter or ghee, i6, 3, 199, 386, &c.; Sthalipaka offered to A., 14, 306 ; 30, 264-6 ; evening oblation for A., 29, 19, 172, 287, 386 ; 30, 20 ; morning and evening oblations to A., 30, 196; worshipped at the Vauvadeva sacri- fice, 29, 84 ; worshipped at the Tarpawa, 29, 121, 149; 30, 243; offering to A. at the Sulagava, 29, 352 ; A^-ya oblation to A. as expia- tion, 30, 51 ; oblation to A. at the Sarpabali, 30, 91 ; the godanakar- man sacred to A., 30, 218, 284; oblation to A., to avert an evil omen, 42, 166 ; worshipped at the new and full moon sacrifices, 12, 375, 377 sq., 377 n., 380 ; 29, 17 n., 392 5 30, 37, 196; 44,3n., 545 the Ash- *aka sacred to A., 29, 206 ; 30, 97 ; funeral oblations to A., 7, 84 ; 14, 268; 25, 114; 29, 103, 242; 30, 1 1 3 ; 32, 35 sq. ; see also A. Kavyava- hana above, p. 1 3 ; animal sacrifices for A., 26, 21 8, 22 1 sq., 312, 428 sq.; 41, IT sq. ; 44, 377i 3§3 n-> 395? 402 ; the animal slain for the re- ception of a teacher as a guest is sacred to A., 29, 88; he-goat sacrificed for A., 41, 162; 44, xxv, 299; worshipped by offer- ings of ghr/ta, cows and bulls, 46, 211 ; the first offerings made to A. along with the Seasons, 12, is6sq.; oblation to A. at the seasonal sacri- fices, 44, 74 n., 755 Agnyadhana sacrifices for A., 12, 317-22; Agni- hotra libation to A., 12, 327, 334~75
44, 8 1 ; deity of a .Ritu-graha, 26, 32011.; Partha oblation to A., 41, 82 ; offering to A., the lord of rites, 41, 112 ; offering to A. at the Daja- peya, 41, 120-2, 125; invoked at a Soma sacrifice, 42, 179 sq., 182, 184, 1 88 ; 44, 142, 208, 443 ; prayer and oblations to A. at the three savanas, 46, 300 sq. ; offerings to A. at the horse sacrifice, 44, 280, 318, 337 n,, 350; Agnisfout Agnisttfoma is A., 44, 418; rite of consecration for A., 42, 669 ; one of the gods wor- shipped at the Mitravinda sacrifice, 44, 62-6 ; worshipped at the Sau- tramaTzf, 44, 233; offerings to A. made by ascetics, 49 (i), 72 ; better is homage paid to the righteous than worship of A., 10^ (i), 32 ; compared with the Fire (Atar) wor- shipped by the Zoroastrians, 4, Hi; 31, 80.
(t) PRAYERS TO A., AND A. AS RE- LATED TO PRAYERS (AND METRES). Prayers to A., 12, 301, 349~54> 356-60; 14, 216, 251, 318; 26,2i- 3, 49, 92, 203, 203 n. ; 29, 23 ; 41, 1 68 sq.; 43, 141 sq. ; prayers and hymns to A., VOL. 46 ; consecratory formula addressed to A., 12, 231 sq. ; morning prayer to A., 26, 229 sq. n., 231 ; 44, 378 ; praised and invoked, 26, 73, no, 158 sq., 161, 196, 205, 326 sq. n., 343, 376 5 41, 211-13, 219 sq., 256-9,272 sq., 279, 281 sq., 285 n., 349-5*! 358, 398 sq., 404-7; 42, 134; 48, 123 sq., 172 sq., 176 sq., 190, 199, 203 sq., 250 sq., 262, 268, 291 ; 44, 230, 432 ; invoked for protection, 12, 261 ; 29, 247, 280 ; invoked for long life, 42, 49-53, 60, 552 ; invoked for lustre, offspring, and life, 42, 231; 44, 238,267; invoked to release from madness, 42, 32 ; invoked for success in trade, 30, 178 ; 42, 148 sq., 353 ; invoked for the king, 41, 89, 94, xoisq. ; 42, 116; invoked for gain (at gambling), 42, 151 ; in- voked for food, 44, 63 ; invoked for wealth and affluence, 44, 65 ; in- voked in the hour of death, 1, 313 sq., 313 n. ; invoked to unite the deceased with his ancestors, 7, 86 n. ; invoked to lead the dead by a good path, 15, 200; invoked at
24
AGNI
expiatory rite, 30, 197; 44, 5°5 ; invoked at the sprinkling of water, 12, 22 ; 30, 226 ; invoked in the Samidheni verses, 12, 102 sq. n., 103-13, 120 sq. ; prayers to A. at the setting up of the sacred fire, 30, 201-3 ; prayer to A., when the fire goes out, 29, 1 34 ; invoked at domestic sacrificial rites, 29, 27, 29, 174 sq., 201, 207 ; invoked at the Vstg-apeya, 41, 38 ; daily worship of A., 42, 149; addressed at the ordeal by fire, 33, 108 n., 109 sq., 255 ; the priest propitiates A. and the gods, 12, 134 sq. ; accomplishes all blessings invoked by the priest on the sacrificer, 26, 184; identified with the front part of the war- chariot in a battle-charm, 42, 120 ; gazing reverently at A.5s light, 41, 193 ; worshipped by King Suddho- dana, 49 (i), 22 ; lord of prayer (BrahmaTzaspati), 32, 82, 94 ; accepts the hymn even of the poor sacrificer, 46, 2 3 ; carried by prayers as by a vehicle, 46, 130; has been pro- duced or strengthened by prayer, 46, 160, 240, 296, 304, 413 ; him the pious seek to win by their prayers as the first of the gods, 46, 352 ; is the voice of praise while heaven and earth listen, 12, 249 ; deviser of brilliant speech, 46, 215 ; invoked to make the prayers prosper, 46, 266, 303, 335; wise thoughts tor prayers come from A., 46, 352 ; Gayatri, the metre of A., 12, 96, 96 n., 297, 307, 355 ; 44, 106 ; the Gayatri is A., 26, 87 ; 43, 178 ; is of G&yatra nature, 41, 148, 161, 167, 196, 232, 324, 358, 374; 43, 120, 243, 247, 268, 277, 300, 385 ; metres in relation to A. (fire- altar), 43, 328-31. (u) A. AS CONNECTED WITH VEDA
AND VEDA-STUDY.
The Rtk verses squeezed out from A., 1, 70 ; 44, 102 ; Rikas connected with A., 30, 152 sq. ; worshipped at the end of the Svadhyaya, 29, 219 ; the Rishi of a KaWa, 30, 242 ; he who has studied the Veda is like A., 41, 146 ; has discovered the Saman for man, 46, 335, 337 ; in- voked at the Upanayana, 29, 189 sq. ; 30, 149, 151, 153, 155-61 ;
is the teacher of the initiated student, 29, 188, 306 ; 30, 151 ; the Brahma&irin given in charge of A., 29, 64, 79 ; 30, 154 ? 44, 86 ; prayer to A. at the Samavartana, 29, 313 ; invoked by the teacher, 2, 114; the BrahmaHrin worships A., 29, 66, 75 sq., 83, 307 sq, ; offering to A. by the student who broke his vow, 25, 454 sq. ; invoked by the student doing penance, 29, 362 ; the organs, &c., of an unchaste student go to A., 2, 294, 294 n. ; is the Lord of Vows, 12, 3 ; 26, 45, 99, 161 ; 30, 64, 156, 162 ; 42, 18; see also abo've^ p. 14, A. Vratapati ; the vow belonging to A., 29, 229. (i>) A. IN HIS MORAL CHARACTER.
A. and jR/'ta, 46, 103, 160-2, 164, 228, 240, 372, 382, 385, 393 sq. ; the guardian of jfc'ta, 46, i, 259, 282, 325 ; kindled on behalf of the J&'ta, and born from the jR;ta, 46, 32 sq., 54, i6t, 181, 220, 281 ; penetrated by Rita, 46, 70 ; the charioteer of &'ta, 46, 158, 229, 350 ; in the abode of .R*ta, 46, 248, 412 ; is the divine upholder, 43, 194; is the truth, 41, 226, 281; is true and righteous (76'ta-vat), 46, 88, TOO, 164, 292, 340, 343, 350, 363 ; the laws (vrata) of A., 46, 22, 23, 67, 206, 244 ; administers the Jaw of the gods, 46, 22, 31 ; immortal A, honours the gods and has never violated the laws, 46, 232; lord of high laws, 46, 42; understands the divine laws and the birth of the human race, 46, 70, 1 8 1, 240; has proclaimed his rules to the mortals, 46, 164 ; his law is not set at naught, 46, 213, 215 ; the purifier, 46, 6, 8, 52, 115, 211, 228, 241, 257, 259, 261, 275, 296, 335> 341, 343? 375? 382,414,418; invoked to purify defiled food, and all sin, 15, 312; invoked to forgive sin, 44,265 ; 46,249, 354; announces the sins of men to the gods, 46, 325 sq.; sins confessed to A., 46, 372; he infringes upon A., who does not give the sterile cow to the Brah- mans, 42, 177; leads forward the man who follows crooked ways, 46, 22, 26.
AGNI— AGNISH 7OMA
(w) A, A SUPREME GOD OF HEAVEN AND EARTH.
The begetter of the two worlds, 46, 119, 244 ; has procreated the Sky and the Waters, 46, 119; has adorned the sky with stars, 46, 64 ; has caused the sky to roar, 46, 22 ; is like the heaven with the stars, 46, 343 ; the banner and head of heaven, 44, 351; 46,230; knows the Heaven, 46, 326 ; has filled with his light all the lights of Heaven, 46, 167; de- termines the seasons, 46, 114, 116, 281 ; reigns over heaven and earth, 46, 160 sq., 188, 193 sq., 271; has filled Heaven and Earth and the great Sun, 46, 229, 244 ; supports earth and sky by his efficacious spells, 46, 61, 241 ; puts down his feet on the surface of the wide earth, 46, 167; moves in one moment round the terrestrial space, 46, 137, 229; encompasses the earth like heaven, 46, 129; is over-lord of this earth, 41, 385 ; 43, 228; nothing greater than A. (fire- altar), 48, 163 ; by his songs fashioned the mountains, 42, 213 ; through A. everything exists, 43, 4; makes the herbs on the earth ripe and sweet, 1, 211 ; all food belongs to A., 43, 296 ; the maker who victoriously stands over all beings, 46, 273 ; the supporter of every- thing, 46, 309 ; has revealed the nights and what stands and moves, 46, 64.
(,v) A. IN PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULA- TIONS.
A. as speech, eye, mind, ear, breath, 43, 331-3 ; identified with speech, 15, 80; 25, 512; 26, 39; 41, 154 ; 48, 208, 363 ; having become speech, entered into the mouth, 38, 91 sq. ; 48, 417 ; speech enters into A., at the time of death, 38, 105 sq. ; is the deity in the zenith, and abides in speech, 15, 148 ; is Prawa, the breath, 15, 275 J 43, 274, 349 ; identified with the vital airs, 43, 246 j unites breaths, 42, 51, 366; the Prawas guided by A. and other divine beings, 48, 576 ; made up by the JR/shis, the vital airs, 43, 122 ; guardian of the eye, 12, 244, 260 ;
in the dark iris of the eye, 15, 106 ; identified with Purusha, 25, 512 ; 44, 2 5 9 n.; H ighestPerson,the inner ruler of A., 48, 155 ; only a manifestation of the highest Brahman, 15, 302-3 ; A. explains to Satyakama one foot of Brahman, 1, 61 sq. ; is one foot of Brahman, 1, 54 ; there is A. (fire} , the all- seeing, hidden in the two fir e- sticks, well guarded like a child (in the womb} by the mother -, day after day to be adored by men 'when they awake and bring oblations. This is that (the Self), 15, 16; is the highest Self, 34, 150; 41, 270; 48, 292; the emancipated sage is identical with A., 8, 220, 345; is this world, 12, 259 ; A. (fire-altar) is these three worlds, 43, 169, 171 sq., 187, 235; is sap and substance in this world, 41, 278; that (heavenly) world is A., 48, 289; see above, p. 13 sq., A, Vauv&nara. See also Fire.
Agnibhtiti, n. of a Gaina monk, 22, 286.
Agnidatta, n.p., disciple of Bhadra- bahu, 22,^289. See also KaVyapa.
Agnidh, Agnidhra, see Priests (a, b).
Agnidhra(n.), fire-shed. See Fire(^).
Agnihotra, see Fire (f).
Agnl£ayana, t.t, construction of the sacred brick-altar, an important preliminary to the Soma-sacrifice, 44, xiii. See Fire-altar.
Agni^it, builder of Fire-altar. See Fire-altar.
AgnLfcitya, t.t., the building of the fire-altar. See Fire-altar.
Agnirahasya, t.t., (a) * the mystery of the fire-altars,' a text of the Va^a- saneyins,34,lxxiv; 38, 214,216, 260; 48, 641; the SaWilya-vidya part of the A., 38, 214, 216; 48, 641. (b) ' The mystery of the fire-altar/ in the Satapatha, 43, 281-404 ; 44, xiv.
Agnisava, a certain sacrifice, 43, 298, 298 n.
Agnishom.au, see Agni (b) A. and Soma.
Agnishomlya, t.t., animal sacrifices to Agni and Soma. See Animal Sacrifices.
Agnishfoma, t.t., 'praise of Agni,' a certain Soma-sacrifice, and the chant connected with it. See Prayers (c), and Sacrifices (J).
26
AGNISH 70 MA-SAMAN— AGRICULTURE
Agnish/oma-sainan, j^Prayers (c). Agnislivattas, t.t., the manes of the
gods, 25, 112. Agnivai^yayaua, see Agnive-rya-
Ayana. Agnive^ya, n. of a teacher, 15, 118,
^118 n., 1 86, 1 86 n. Agnive^yayana, n. of a teacher, 1,
267. Agnive.yy&yana (or Agnivauya-
yana) ; Sudharman of the A. gotra,
22, 286 sq. ; 45, xxi ; Mahavira
called an A. by Buddhists, 45, xxi. Agnividya, t.t., the same as the
Upakojala-vidya, 1, 64 n. AgnlvislmtL See Agni (h) A. and
Vish«u. Agnosticism, in Buddhism, 11, 293
sq. ; 45, xxvi-xxix ; doctrine of a.
refuted, 45, 241 sq., 315 sq. ; of
jSTwang-jze, 89, 129 sq., 179 n.,
194-7 ; condition of a. exemplified,
39, 176 sq. and n. Agnyadhana, t.t., the laying of the
sacrificial fires. See Fire (d, e). Agnyadheya = Agnyadhana, q. v. Agrahaya;zi festival, see Sacrifices A(£), and Serpents. Agraya^a, agrayaweshd, t.t.} offering
of first-fruits. See Agriculture. Agriculture.
(a) Pursuit of a. recommended or for- bidden.
(<£) Laws relating to a. (c) Religious rites i elating to a. (ft) Details of agricultural work,
(a) PURSUIT OF A. RECOMMENDED OR FORBIDDEN.
The pursuit of a. as a moral duty of the Zoroastrian, 4, Ixii, Ixvii. 21-3, 29-3i ; 24, 28, 281 sq.; 31 ^ 7°, 74? 74 n., 342; 37, 103, 179, 424, 435, 443 ; let the good deeds for the furtherance of husbandry be done here, 31, 357 ; war opposed to a., 18, 173, 173 sq. n.; the husbandman preferred to the thieving nomad, &l 9 3%j 45 S(l'j the earth pleased by tillage, 5, 376 sq. ; 87, 154; wis- dom requisite for it, 24, 102 ; taught to the first man and woman, 47, 6 sq. ; — painful toil of sowing and reaping conducts to ease, 3, 201 ; to pay attention to a., the duty of the people, 3, 471 sq., 472 n.; hus- bandry dear to the Spirits, 27, 279, 279 n. ; — the duty of Vaijyas, 8,
127; 25, 24, 199, 400, 419 s<i-;
Sudra labourer in a., 25, 168; Brahmawas as landowners, 2, 228, 228 n. ; forbidden to Brahmarcas, 25, 86, 106 sq., 420 sq., 420 n.; not compatible with Veda-study, 14, 176; allowed to Brahma«as, 14, 13, 176,236; 25, 129, 325, 427; forbid- den to Buddhist monks, 13, 33 ; 19, 296 ; Buddha grieved by seeing the pain caused by ploughing, 19, 48 ; 49 (i), 49 sq.
(b) LAWS RELATING TO A.
Hindu law relating to a., 2, 168, 240 sq. ; 33, 159 sq., 160 n., 339 sq. ; boundary disputes, 25, 253, 279, 298-301, 394 ; damage done by cattle, 25, 296 sq. ; negli- gent cultivator punished for loss of crop, 25, 297 ; seed more important than soil, 25, 333-5, 418; owner of field and owner of seed share the crops, 25, 336 ; offences with respect to the seed corn, 25, 394 ; law about agricultural labourers, 33, 134, 139 sq., 345 ; a husbandman at the time of harvest must not be put under restraint, 33, 288; tithe, see Taxes; — Persian law of a., 37, 403 ; produce of land, law about confiscation, 37, 143 ; — Chinese regulations for husbandmen, 27, 2 1 o, 227 sq., 255, 260, 289, 292 sqv 304 sq., 308 ; private and public fields, 3, 322 n., 369 sq. n., 373* 373 n. ; regulations about measuring land, 27, 244-7; instructions given to the officers of husbandry, 3, 320-2 ; instructions to husbandmen given by government, 27, 270; hus- bandmen present grain to the emperor, 27, 285 ; regulations for bad years, 28, 2, 4 ; —the clues of the fruit, according to Arabian law, to be brought on the day of harvest,
6, 133-
(c) RELIGIOUS RITES RELATING TO A,
Hindu ceremonies and sacrifices relating to a., 29, 98 sq., 126 sq. ; 30, xxviii, 113 sq., 304; 42, 486; sacrifice to Kshetrapati, the lord of the field, 30, 224, 291; ploughing ceremonies, 29, 126 sq., 215, 326 sq. ; Buddha attends a ploughing festival, 19, xx; sacrifice to Sit!,
AGRICULTURE— AHARMAN
27
29, 333-6 ; Kariresh/i, a sacrifice offered to bring about rain, 38, 118, 1 1 8 n. ; the Agraya?/a (Agraya?ieshn) or offering of first-fruits, 7, 191 sq. ; 12, 369-74; 25, 132 sq., 200; 29, 203 sq., 203 n., 337 sq., 415 sq., 430; 30, 93 sq., 124, 289; 41, 46 ; 44, 176, 176 n. ; harvest offerings,
30, 24 sq. ; ploughing, watering, and sowing the ground for the fire-altar,
41, 326-41 ; ploughing and sowing of the site of the burial ground, 44, 43I~3 j amulet prepared from a ploughshare, 42, 84 sq., 608 sq. ; charm to remove weeds from a field,
42, 465 ; prayers for success in a., 42, 141 sq., 486, 499, 541 ;— Parj* prayers when sowing corn, 5, 392 ; rules about sowing, &c., on de- filed ground,4, 67 sq.; — Chinese cere- monies relating to a., 27, 254 sq.,255 n. ; worship of Hlu-^i, the Father of Husbandry, 3, 319 sq., 341 sq., 371- 3, 37i n«, 398; 27, 43i-4> 432 n. ; presentation of first-fruits, 27, 271, 274 ; spring festivals relating to a., 3, 302 ; thanksgiving sacrifices for a plentiful year, 3, 323, 33i~3, 37i- 3, 371 n. ; agricultural sacrifice at the end of the year, 28, 167 ; sacri- fices to heaven and earth, and spirits of land and grain, 28, 265 ; ploughing of special fields by rulers, 27, 36 ; 28, 222, 231, 239 ; the em- peror ploughs his field, 28, 338 ; — Arabian (heathen) customs with regard to tilth, 6, 132 sq.
(d) DETAILS OF AGRICULTURAL WORK :—
People earn a living by gleaning, 17, 117; shape of rice-fields, 17, 207 sq. ; list of farming operations, 20, 225 sq. ; blight and mildew, 20, 326 ; simile of the husbandman, 36, 269 sq. ; food is threefold : ploughing, rain, seed, 43, no ; implements of husbandmen, 4, 174 ; buying and selling corn, 18, 174-6, 180-2; irrigation, 24, 338 sq. ; see also Irrigation; providing in sum- mer for the winter, reaping, 37, 91 sq. ; Ya"o's care for a. by having a calendar made, 3, 32-4; Shun appoints a Minister of A., 3, 42 sq.; poetical pictures of husbandry, 3, 33i-3> 369-72, 444-6; the or-
dinary man (who does not follow
the Tao) compared to a negligent /armer, 40, 121 sq. Agtoa, see Heaven. Ahallika, a term of reproach
(ghost?), 15,i48. Ahalya, Indra's love affair with,
26, 8 1, 8 1 n. ; Indra wooed A., 49
W, 44-
Aham, Sk., 'I.' The Atman or Self perceived beyond the A. or Ego, 1, xxx ; secret name of Brah- man, 38, 216 sq., 246. See also I.
Aha?;?kara, t.t, the principle of egoity, 34, xxiii, 364 n., 376 n., 440,
A44i ; 38, 81. See Egoism, and I.
A-hang, n. of t Yin, 3, 95, 95 n., 118, 118 n. See I Yin.
Ahankara, see Ahawkara.
Ahar, secret name of Brahman, 38, A2i6 sq., 246.
Aliaras (food?), pain arises from the A., 10 (ii), 139 sq,
Ahariyvang, Phl. = Zd., Ashir van- guhi, ' good rectitude/ the angel of perfect rectitude, 37, 227, 229, 244, 292 ; 47, 85, 85 n. See Ar^, Arshi- .rang, and Ashi Vanguhi.
Aharman, or Ahriman, the Evil Spirit (in Parsi religion).
(«) His existence, character, and doings. (5) His relation to Auharmazd.
(c) His antagonism against righteousness
and religion, and his love of sin.
(d) How to defeat A.
(e) Myths and legends of A,
(a) HIS EXISTENCE, CHARACTER, AND DOINGS.
An older corruption of Angra- mainyu than Ganrak-mamdk, 5, 4 n., ii2n. : his existence proved, 24, 150-68; the separate existence of an originator of evil admitted by Christians, 24, 238-42 ; his is no material existence, 18, 44, 44 n. ; different from the evil spirit, 5, 128 n.; ' the co-existent one,' 18, 282; Manichaean doctrines about A. as the creator, 24, 243-51 ; and the Christian devil, 5, MX sq. ; the chief of hell, 18, 58, 87; 24, 25, 31 ; fabricated hell, 4, 376 ; in darkness, with backward under- standing and desire for destruction, was in the abyss, and it is he who will not be, 5, 4 ; not omniscient, 5, 5, 7 ; has more predominance in
AHARMAN
the dark, 5, 342 ; called Dr%, the fiend, 5, 14; his body that of a lizard, 5, 16, 105 ; is all vileness, 5, 158 ; why he advanced towards the light, though of a different nature, 24, 123 sq, ; creatures of A., 5, 6, 17 sq. ; 37, 423; death ot A.'s creatures does not defile, 4, Ixxviii, 60 ; creates 'falsehood/ 'evil thought,' 5, 9 ; created the diseases, 4, 228 n. ; three tyrants created by A., 4, xlviii ; the producer of the demon of wrath, 24, 205, 205 n. ; the evil-doing of A., 5, 105 sq.,
112 sq. ; 24, 101 ; disturbance by A. and the demons, 5, 214 ; brought mortality into the world, 18, 198, i98n. ; concealed the results of good and evil, and created false religions, 24, 39 sq. ; all misery due to A., 24, 74, 94 sq. ; 47, 92 ; de- ceives man, 24, 87 sq., 102 -wishes men not to understand him, 5, 113,
113 n. ; 24, 80; tries most to injure the soul, 24, 88 ; his miscreations : fiends, idolaters, wolves, 37, 151; the brood of the fiend and the wound- producer of the Evil Spirit, 47, 102.
(b) HIS RELATION TO AfjHARMAZD.
Relation of A. and Auharmazd, 5, Ixix sq. ; origin of Auharmazd and A., and their difference, 37, 242 sq. ; Ormazd and A. created the world, 23, 163, 198; A. as de- stroyer, and Auharmazd as creator, 4, 212 n. ; 24, 14 ; Auharmazd dis- criminates truly, A. does not, 37, 391 sq. ; Ormazd is all perfume, A. all stench, 4, 22on. ; the Zoroas- trian rejoices Ormazd and afflicts •A., 4, 375 ; there cannot be any peace and affection between Auhar- mazd and A., 24, 36 sq. ; is a creature of Auharmazd, 37, 485 ; not smitten by Auharmazd, 24, 66 ; struggle between Auharmazd and A., their creation and counter-creation, 4, liv sq., Ixi, Ixiv ; 5, xxiii, 3-10, 14-20, 25-31, 52, 65 sq., 68 sq., 71- 4, 99, 105 sq., 113 sq., 116, 155-66, 3<>3, S^S; 18, 25 sq., 93-8, 261, 269 sq., 273-5, 2820., 374, 376 sq., 384 sq.; 23, 22, 296 ; 24, 32-5, 38, 73 sq., 82 sq., 101, 205-8, 244; 31, xviii sq., 264 ; 37, 31, 230, 270, 301 sq., 307, 441 ; vanquished by Ahura
Mazda (Ormazd), 4, Ixi, Ixiv, Toon., 19711.; 23, 33, 250; the dog of A. kills creatures of Ormazd, and vice versa, 4, 155-7 ; refuses to accept the conditions of peace proffered by Auharmazd, 5, 6 sq. ; covenant between Auharmazd and A., 24, 104, 104 n. ; Auharmazd was aware of A., A. was not aware of Auharmazd, 5, 155 ; Auharmazd will not leave his creatures unto the Evil Spirit, 5, 308 ; good govern- ment produced by Auharmazd, bad government by A., 24, 43 ; Ormazd created healing plants, A. the dis- eases, 4, 228 n. ; the primaeval bull created by Ormazci and killed by A., 4, 23 in.; Ahura Mazda re- quests Mathra Spew/aand Airyaman to cure the diseases sent by A., 4, 236-40 ; all good owing to Auhar- mazd, all evil to A., 37, 62, 245 sq. ; counteracts divine providence, 24, 55. See also Dualism.
(c) HlSANTAGONISMAGAINST RIGHT- EOUSNESS AND RELIGION, AND HIS LOVE OF SIN.
A. assists the demon- worshippers against the Iranians, 5, li sq., 224- 30 ; the antagonism of A. and the demons brought on by the evil- doers, 5, 207 ; a liar is a co-operator with A., 24, 322 sq. ; the practice of sinners is that of A., 18, 216 sq. ; a wrathful man is just like A., 24, 10 ; a bad ruler equal to A,, 24, 45 ; a false judge is like A., 24, 79 ; the sinner akin to A., 24, 357 ; chooses the realm of the wicked, 31, 26, 30 sq. ; the wicked, the followers of A. 'the other one,' 37, 388; prevents the worthy from being allotted worldly happiness, 24, 76 ; the Behr&m fire struggles with the spiritual fiend, 5, 185 ; opposed to worship of sacred beings, 37, 181, 192, 276 sq. ; opposed to creation and to righteousness, 37, 239; pleased by transgression of Zoroas- trian law, 5, 109 ; the sin of un- natural intercourse pleases A. most, 18, 226 sq. ; 24, 267 sq. ; has ap- pointed the demons Tardy and Afterwards, 24, 346 sq. ; injustice produced by Av 37, 73 ; apostasy produced by A., 37, 328, 346 ; pre-
AH ARM AN— AH I A/S A
29
dominates over him who works in the dark, 87, 478 ; will the wicked souls be able to see A. ? 18, 44 sq. ; and the demons seize the wicked soul in hell, 18, 72 ; 24, 266 sq. ; powerless to inflict harm on the .soul of the blessed one, 4, 374.
(d) HOW TO DEFEAT A.
He who pleases the seven arch- angels, his soul never comes into the possession of A., 5, 373 ; righteous men fight against the fiend, 18, 12, 14 ; the smiting of A. effected by wisdom, 24, 101 ; destruction of A. arises from the union of the good, 37, 346 ; A. and demons defeated by the sacred ceremony, 18, 159 sq., 167 ; next-of-kin marriage a pro- lection from A. and the demons, 4, 98 n. ; 18, 41 7 ; contentment good for vanquishing A., 24, 26, 70 ; who wears the sacred thread-girdle is out of A.'s department, 24, 268 ; de- feated by the spirit of truth, 24, 324 ; beaten by complete mindful- ness, 37, 264 ; Zoroastrian cere- monial a protection from the annoy- ing spirit, 87, 363 sq. ; closing the way of A. into oneself, 37, 433, 439 ; separation from the destructive Evil Spirit one of the seven per- fections of religion, 37, 273 ; driven back to hell by the Honover, 4, 100 n. ; shattered by the Airman supplication, 37, 302 sq. ; repelled by recitation of Vastarem Nask, 37, 446 ; cries of cock, <fec., keep him at a distance, 5, 113, 1 1 3 n. ; prayer for the destruction, of the Evil Spirit, 5, 362 ; how A. and the demons are confounded, 24, 83 sq.; mountains which are smiters of A. and the demons, 24, 98 ; a scornful dole for A., 37, 311 ; the accursed devil becomes cursed, 37, 428, 437. (e) MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF A.
Adam deluded by A., 24, 179? 179 n. ; Aeshm's complaint to A. of the three things he could not injure in the world, 5, 387-9, 387 n. ; the Daevas his seed and his servants, 31, 54, 58 sq. ; the six demons from the dark world of A., 5, 10 ; Dahdk begged a favour from A., 5, 80 ; releases Ass-i Dah&k, 5, lii, 233 sq.; Dahak's descent traced to A,, 5,
132; his conflict with the Earth, 5, 29 sq. ; his conflict with Gdyo- mar&, 5, 17-19 ; Gayomar^ delivers his body to A., 24, 58 ; he appeared a young man of fifteen years to Geh, 5, 1 6 ; the seven planets chief- tains of A., 24, 34, 38 ; his conflict with the plants, 5, 30 sq. ; his con- flict with the primaeval ox, 4, 2 3 1 n. ; 5, 31 sq. ; 47, 33 ; his destruction at the renovation of the universe, 5, 128 sq. ; 18, 118; 24, 99; 37, 431, 446 ; 47, xiii ; the creatures of A. will perish at the time when the future existence occurs, 5, 5 ; be- came confounded and remained in confusion for 3,000 years, 5, 15 sq. ; became headstrong and was put out of heaven, 24, 192 ; his conflict with the sky, 5, 25 ; 18, 261 ; attacks the sky, the water, the earth, &c., 5, 161-87 ; sprang like a snake out of the sky down to the earth, 5, 17 ; made impotent by Soshyans^ 5, 8, 33; 47, 117 sq. ; stars assist in the distribution of evil produced by A., 24, 127-38 ; overturned by I'dkhmorup, 18, 200, 20011. ; kept as a charger by Takhm6rup, 24, 59, 60, 60 n. ; converted into a horse by Takhmorup, 47, 8 ; his conflict with the water and with Ttstar, 5, 25-9 ; A. and the demons defeated in the reign of Vhtdsp and other kings, 5, 198, 201 ; afflicted through the deeds of Vijtasp, 24, 65 ; sends demons to destroy Zoroaster before and at his birth, but is dismayed, 37,227; 47,140-2; tempts Zara- tujt, but is confounded, 24, 103 sq.; A. rushes for the destruction of Zoroaster, but is defeated by him, 37, 164; 47, 58 sq., 123. Ahartib6-st6t6, son of M&fyomah, 47, 166.
Ahaspati, n.d., 'lord of days/ 30, 58. Ahavanlya, see Fire (e). Ahi('the Snake'), slain by Indra,
32, 180, 197.
Ahi Budhnya, oblation to, 29, 331 ; 41, 96, 96 n.
Ahiwsa, Sk,, t.t. (the vow or law of) not injuring (any living being).
(n) In Gaina religion.
(b) Tn Buddhism
(c) In Brahmanisnii
30
(a) IN GAINA RELIGION.
He should not kill, nor cause others to kill, nor consent to the killing of others,, 22, 31 ; the Arhats and Bhagavats of the past, present, and future, all say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus: all breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented, nor driven away, 22, 36, 38 sq. ; all beings hate pains1, therefore one should not kill them. This is the quintessence of wisdom : not to kill anything. Know this to be the legitimate conclusion from the prin- ciple of the reciprocity with regard to non-killing, 45, 247 sq., 248 n., 311; a wise man should not take the life of living beings, nor cause pain to any creatures, looking upon all living beings as suffering like himselt, 22, 30-2, 63 sq.; 45, 25, 33 sq., 251 sq., 254? 259, 271, 295, 30, 351, 404 sq. ; the first great vow of the Gaina not to kill any living being, 22, 202-4 ; do not kill living beings in the threefold way, 45, 260 ; giving safety is the best of gifts, 45, 290 ; a monk should treat all beings as he himself would be treated, 45, 306 sq., 314; towards your fellow creatures be not hostile, 45, 329; wicked men injure plants and ani- mals, 45, 374 ; abstinence from destroying life destroys Karrnan, 45, 174; all living beings suffer: hence those who injure living beings will suffer pains in the Sawsara, while those who practise A. will put an end to all misery, 45, 386 sq. ; sins caused by actions injuring the lives in earth, water, fire, plants, animals, wind, 22, 3-14 ; heretics kill or consent to killing others, 22, 62 ; those who entertain cruel thoughts against the six classes of living beings are near death, 22, 42 ; killing living beings causes bondage of the soul, 45, 236 ; those who kill living beings go to the abode of the Asuras, 45, 259 ; those who injure living beings go to hell, 45, 21, 279, 286 ; by hurting any of the living beings (earth, water, fire, and wind bodies, plants, &c.) men do harm to their, own souls, and
will be born as one of them, 45, 292 sq. ; precautions to be taken by Gaina monks, in order to avoid killing animals, 22, 47, 47 n., 72, 75, 97, 100, 120, 126, 128, 132, 136 sq., 139, 145, 161 sq., 169 sq., 178-83, 304-8; 45, 129, 135 sq., 146 sq. ; he should not scare away (insects'), nor keep them off, nor be in the least provoked to passion by them. Tolerate living beings, do not kill them> though they eat your flesh and blood, 45, n ; mouth-cloth used by Gainas to prevent insects entering the mouth, 45, 145, 145 n. ; a Gaina monk should not build a house, nor cook, nor light a fire, because many living beings are killed thereby, 45, 204 sq. ; a Gaina monk should only drink distilled water (with- out life), 45, 10, 10 n. ; a monk must not use cold water, not to injure water-bodies, 45, 255, 255 n.; food is only pure when given with unwashed hands and dishes, on ac- count of the lives contained in water, 22, 103 sq., 117 ; sin caused by injuring the fire-bodies or lives in fire, 22, 7 sq., 67, 67 n. ; 45, 293, 358 ; certain food forbidden to Gaina monks on account of dangers to living beings, 22, 88 sq., 104-10 ; Mahavira's abstinence from killing, 22, 8 1 ; Buddhist misrepresentation of the Gaina vow of desisting from doing injury, 45, xvii sq. ; living beings injured by sacrificial cere- monies, 22, 12, 1 8 ; 45, 55 ; a bad Srarnawa, through carelessness, hurts living beings, 45, 78 sq.; Arish^a- n8mi, on seeing the animals to be killed for the wedding feast, re- nounces the world, 45, 114; the Hastitipasa kill one elephant a year, and live on it, to spare the life of other animals, 45, 418 sq. ; Gaina householders renounce slaughter of animals, as they cannot altogether abstain from injuring the six classes of beings, 45, 421-33, 421 n.; when living beings are killed for the sake of gifts and other meritorious ac- tions, a monk should neither praise nor forbid such acts, 45, 312 sq. ; various causes why men injure living beings, 45, 357-60.
AHM/SA
31
(&) IN BUDDHISM.
Doctrine of A. in Buddhism and Gainism, 22, xxi-xxviii ; there were formerly three diseases : desire , hunger, and decay, bttt from the slay- ing of cattle there came ninety-eight, 10 (ii), 51 ; Ye shall slay no living thing, 11, 253 ; As 2 am so are these, as these are so am /, identifying himself with others^ let him not kill nor catise (any one] to kill, 10 (ii), 128 ; Doing no injury to any one, dwell full of love and kindness in the world ', 35, 254 sq. ; Now wherein, Pftsetiha, is his conduct good? Herein, 0 ydsettha, that putting away the mur- der of that which lives, he abstains from destroying life. The ciidgel and the sword he lays aside ; and, full of modesty and pity, he is compassionate and kind to all creatures that have life! 11, 189; kindness to all things that live, 10 (i), 36 sq. and n.; 36, 341 sq. ; the principal sin of de- stroying life, 10 (i), 6 1 ; the true Brahmawa, the saint, the Bhikkhu, does not kill nor cause slaughter, 10 (0> 92 ; (ii), 35 sq., 61, 88 sq., 114 ; a householder must not kill, nor cause to be killed any living being, nor approve of others killing, 10 (ii), 65 sq. ; Bhikkhus are to refrain from injuring plants or animals, 11, 190, 192 ; 13, 4, 33, 4<> ; 17, 22 j a Bhikkhu must not intentionally destroy the life of any being down to a worm or ant, 13, 235; a Bhikkhu shall not dig the ground, 13, 3 3 ; a Bhikkhu must not sprinkle water, with living creatures in it, on grass or on clay, 13, 35 ; a Bhikkhu must not drink water with living things in it, 13, 46 ; the dangers to vegetable and animal life to be prevented by keeping vassa, 13, 298 sq,, 300 ; wooden shoes forbidden, because insects are trod upon and killed, 17, 21 ; by one case of destruction of life, a man maybe re-born in hell, 35, 124; sin of depriving a living being of life unconsciously, 35, 224 ; a wicked Bhikkhu, who caused a bull to be slain to get its skin, rebuked by Buddha, 17, 29 sq. ; already in for- mer births Buddha refrained from hurting living beings, 36, 1 6 ; eight
classes of men who kill living beings, 36, 17; the Buddhists denounced as eating meat, 45, 416; sacrifices objectionable as connected with slaughter, 10 (ii), 49 sq. ; 19, 129, 135 ; 49 (i), 121 ; king Suddhodana only offers sacrifices involving no injury to living beings, 49 (i), 24. See also Love. (c) IN BRAHMANISM.
A. or harmlessness comes from Kr/shTza, 8, 86; is called knowledge, 8, 103 ; is his who is born to god- like endowments, 8, 114; is called penance bodily, 8, 119 ; non-de- struction is the highest piety, 8, 348, 378 ; is an element of the quality of goodness, 8, 325, 373; leads up to final emancipation, 8, 364; some people (sects) are given up to harmlessness, others to de- struction, 8, 376 ; abstention from injuring living beings the duty of all castes, 14, 26sq. ; 25, 416; those are Brahmawas who can save from evil, who abstain from injuring living beings, 14, 38; he who ab- stains from injuring living beings obtains heaven, 14, 136; 25, 166 sq. ; he is a true Bra~hma«a who befriends all creatures, 14, 128; 25, 46, 46 n.; the soul is purified by abstention from injuring living beings, 14, 165 ; who hurts living beings cannot reach the abode of the gods, 14, 176 ; abstention from injuring living beings is internal purification, 14, 287; abstention from injuring living beings a pen- ance, 14, 312; 25, 476; abstention from injuring living beings the best sacrifice, 14, 139; he who delights in injuring living creatures excluded from Sraddha, 25, 106 ; remem- brance of former births a reward of doing no injury to created beings, 25, 152 ; sacrifices and the doctrine of A., 19, 129; 38, 130 sq., 310; 48, 598 sq. ; jee also Animal Sacrifices (a) ; the Ocean begs king Ar^una to give security to creatures of the sea, 8, 294 ; the Brahmay£a*rin must not injure ani- mate beings, 2, 188 ; 25, 62 ; a Snataka shall not hurt any living being, 2, 226; 25, 137; 29, 318;
AHI>/SA— AHURA-MAZDA
the ascetic shall avoid the destruc- tion of seeds, and be indifferent towards all creatures, 2, 194; offer- ing safety to all beings, duty of the Sannyasin, 8, 362 ; the ascetic pro- mises not to injure any living being, 8, 365 ; 14, 46, 260, 277, 277 n., 279; 25, 205 sq., 208-10, 212; ascetics must always use strained water, 14, 260, 279 ; 25, 207, 207 n. ; an ascetic who rejects meat at sacrifices and funeral meals goes to hell, 14, 54; hermits should not injure even gadflies or gnats, 14, 293 ; see Compassion, and Slaughter.
Ahina sacrifices, see Sacrifices (/).
A'limed = Mohammed, 9, 281 n.
A'^nas ibn *5uraiq, n.p., a worldly man of pleasant appearance, but op- posed to Mohammed, 6, 29 sq., 29 n.
Ahoganga Hill, Sambhuta Sa«a- vasi dwelling there, 20, 394.
A-lio Kan, n.p., disciple of Lao-lung K\, 40, 67 sq.
Ahriman, see Aharman.
Ahtini-stu/, n.p., 23, 203.
Ahunavaiti, title of a Gatha of the Zend-Avesta, 31, 2-92.
Ahum-Mazda (Ormazd), the su- preme God of Mazdeism.
(a) The supreme God and Creator. (6) A. in mythology, (r) A. and Zoroaster.
(d) A and morality.
(e) Worship of A.
(a) THE SUPREME GOD AND CREATOR. The belief in a supreme God, A., an old element in Zoroastrian- ism, 4, xiii, Ix sq. ; parallel with the Asura Varuwa, 4, xxx, lii ; an Aryan god, 4, Ixiv; one of the purest conceptions of God, 31, xviii sq. ; Invoke, 0 Zarathit&tra ! my Fret- vashi, who am A/nera-Masda, the great- est, the. best, the fattest of all beings, the jnost solid, the most intelligent, the best shape n, the highest in holiness, and whose soul is the holy Word! 4, 213; the Creator, 4, 376 ; 23, 25, 27 ; 31, 108 sq., 113 sq.; his creations, 4, Ixx; 31, 285 sq. ; 37, 423; the sixteen perfect lands created by A., 4, i~io ; all good things, made by A., the offspring of the holy principle, 4, 142 sq., 147 sq. ; 31, 248, 250 ; made the aerial way, the earth, and everything, 4, 232-4;
made the waters flow and the plants grow, 23, 198 sq. ; the maker, the most beneficent of all beings, 4, 204-6 ; 23, 326 ; is all-knowing, never asleep, never intoxicated, 4, 215 ; 23, 25, 27 : power and bene- volence of A., 31, 93, 95~7» 100-5 ; his gifts, immortality, righteous order, and kingdom of welfare, 31, 83; victorious strength given by A,, 23, 128, 133; the glory made by Mazda, and the victory made by Ahura, 23, 136 ; a guardian and a friend, 31, ro8, 112; the first father of righteous order, 31, 108, 113; bountifuluess of A., 31, 1 45-5 1 ; the remedies of A., 31, 347. (b) A. IN MYTHOLOGY.
The sun the eye of A., 31, 199 ; the stars, his body, 31, 285 ; the star Jupiter called Ormazd, 31, 199 ; the waters his wives, 23, 353, 353 n. ; 31, 286 sq., 342, 386 ; how A. puri- fies the water which he sends down to the Dakhmas, 4, 49, 54 sq. ; Gar6-nmanem (Ganv/man), the abode of A., 4, 221 ; 23, 338 ; 81, 184 sq. and n. ; the helpers of A., 31, 8r, 86; higher than all the Amesba-Spemtas, 4, 283 ; father and commander of the Amesha-Spe^tas, 23, 199 sq., 290 ; has six personified attributes, 31, xviii sq. ; court of Ormazd and the archangels, 37, 437 ; relation of A. (Ormazd) to AngraMainyu (Aharman^ Ahriman), see Aharman (£); brought Ardvi Sura Andblta down to earth, and sacri- ficed to her, 23, 55-8, 73 sq.; Ardvi Sura Anahita, the daughter of A., 31, 321 ; As hi Vanguhi, daughter of A., 23, 270,^274; Atar, son of A., 23, 5, see Atar ; assisted by the Fracas bis in maintaining the world, 23, 180-5, 187, 193 sq.; made Hara Berezaiti the dwelling of MitJbra, 23, 131 sq.; established Mithra to maintain and look over all the world, 23, 145 ; brought the healing plants to T/&r/to, 4, 225 sq. ; assisted Tistrya in his struggle against Drought, 23, 95, 99-101, 103 ; es- tablished Tijtrya above all stars, 23, 105 ; offered sacrifice to Vayu, 23, 250; Vayu works the good of A. and the Amesha-Spewtas, 23,
AHURA-MAZDA~Al
33
259; reigns according as Fobu Mano \vaxeth, 4, 276 n,, 277 ; the creator of Asha, and father of the Good Mind, 31, 37, 44 ; the father of the Good Mind and of Piety, 31, 123, 126 sq.; the kingdom gained for A. by the Good Mind, 31, 27, 33 ; the kingdom is for A., 31, 281, 283, 309, 3233 347, 372, 381; calls a meeting of the celestial Yazatas^ 4, 15 ; Tima^ the first mortal who converses with A., 4, n.
(c) A. AND ZOROASTER.
Reveals the law to Zarathujtra, 4, Ixx-lxxii, 2, n, 22, &c , 208, 212, 240 n.; 23, 24, 24 n.; 31, 354 ; invoked by Zarathujtra to declare his doctrine, 31, 37, 41 ; Zoroaster asks A. for his regulations and the path of the Good Mind, 31, 82, 88 pq. ; prayer to A. for revelation, 31, 38 sq., 48-50; the twenty-one Nasks formed by A. out of the Ahuna Vairya, 4, xxxvii ; conversations between Zarathujtra and A,, 31, 107-21, 249, 260 sq., 337, 341, 374 sq., 390 ; taught Zarathujtra the sacrifice, 31, 318 sq., 338 sq.; these are the best words, those which A. spoke to Zarathustra, 31, 330 ; di- rected how the Avesta should be said, 31, 353 ; established Zarathuj- tra as the master of the material world, 23, 74, 105; colloquy be- tween the soul of the kine, Asha, and A. who appoints Zarathujtra, 31, 3-13; Zarathujtra obtains stones from A. with which he repels the fiend, 4, 210 sq., 210 n.; confessed the religion of Zoroaster, 23, 142; Zarathujtra invokes the holy crea- tion of A., 4, 214.
(d) A. AND MORALITY.
He who relieves the poor makes A. king, 4, 101 ; how close A. is to a man's thoughts, words, and deeds, 4, 289, 288 n. ; A. and the other Amesha-Spewtas displeased by the bad priest, 23, 156 ; chooses right- eousness and the pious of all ages, 31, 26, 30 sq. ; how can the wise man become like A. ? 31, 39, 49 ; the pious are servants of A., 31, 40, 5 3 ; the friendship of A. is before the Zarathurtrian's mind, 31, 54, 57 ; doing evil to the wicked, like
advising the good, is acting in the love of A., 31, 68, 72 ; the leading sin of disobedience to A., 31, 69, 73 ; receives the righteous soul in Paradise, 4, 89 ; the souls of the righteous pass to the golden seat of A., 4, 220; created good renown and salvation of the soul, 4, 375 ; helps the soul to pass over the ^Tinva? Bridge, 31, 261. (e) WORSHIP OF A.
A. worshipped, 23, 32, 162, 332- 4, 349-51, 353-75 31, 195 sq., 199, &c. ; prayer to A., 4, xlvii, 100 sq.; 31, 284 sq., 288-90, 320; the fire of A., 4, 115, 281 ; 31, 284 sq. ; offerings and prayers to A. and the Amesha-Spewtas, 4, 215, 217, 248 ; 23, 3, 6, psq., 13, 15, 17 sq., 35, 37, 39> ^9, 230, 274; 31, 172, 174 sq. ; became sovereign by the Airyama Ishy6 prayer, 4, 247 ; prayer and sacrifice to A. the best of all things, 4, 283, 293; sacrifice to A., 4, 349 ; Ormazd Yajt : the names of A., and their efficacy, 23, 21-31 ; the memory, the understanding, and the tongue of A. worshipped, 23, 32, 321 ; who worships the sun benefits A., 23, 86 ; and the Amesha-Spe«tas long for the morning service, 23. 142, 142 n. ; Mithra and A. invoked together, 23, 148 sq., 158 ; invoked at the ordeal, 23, 169 sq. ; the Fra- vashi of A. worshipped, 23, 1 99 ; 31, 273, 278 ; Fravashis invoked to- gether with A., 23, 227 ; the Glory of A. praised, 23, 290 ; prayer to A. and Asha, 31, 14-24, 62 ; how is A. to be worshipped ? 31, 108, in sq.; praise of A., 31, 123 sq., 126-30, 263 sq. ; bestows highest good on him who offers sacrifice, 31, 180 sq.; Ahura and Mithra, and all the stars worshipped, 31, 199, 199 n., 205, 216, 276, 220, 225 ; worshipped by Sraosha, 31, 298 ; all holy creatures which A. created, worshipped, 31, 328 sq.
Ahur&ni, water of Ahura wor- shipped, 4, 250,
Aharva</&sp6; ancestor of Zoroas- Ater, 47, 140,
Ai, n.p.; conversation between Duke Ai of Lu and Confucius, 27, 39, 51 sq.; 28, 261-9, 3I2> 402-10; 39,
A I— AIRS, VITAL
229-33; eulogized the deceased Confucius, 27, 159, 159 n. ; sends a message of condolence to Khw&i Shang, 27, 187; funeral of his son Tun, 27, 1 88 ; wears mourning for his concubine, 27, 189 ; JK&u^ Fang sends a message to Duke Ai, 27, 191 ; paid a visit of condolence when £i~sun's mother died, 27, 197 ; declines the condolences of Ling,
27, 323 ; sent Zu Pi to Confucius to learn the proper mourning rites,
28, i66sq. ; Duke Ai and 3ze-kao, 28, 169; interview of JTwang-^ze with Ai, 40, 49 sq., 49 n. ; wishes to employ Confucius in the govern- ment, 40, 207 sq.
Aibhavata, see Pratidanra Ai. Aibigaya, see Aiwisrtithrima. Aigkasli, demon of the evil eye, 5,
in, in n. Aikslivaka, n. of a noble family,
45, 321 n., 339 ; Purukutsa, the Ai.
king, 44, 397. See Br.zhadratha. Ailapatya, Mahagiri of the Ai.
gotra, 22, 287, 289. Alndar, Zd. I»dra, the arch-demon,
18, 319, 319 n. Ainy-u, n.p., 28, 217 sq. Aipivangh.u, or Aipivohu, or Ka\-
Aplveh, n. of a king of Iran, 5,
136-9, 136 n. ; 23, 222, 222 n., 303. Air (Sk.antariksha).
(/*) Air as an element, (b) Air as a deity.
(a) AlR AS AN ELEMENT.
The union of earth and heaven is air, 1, 247 sq. ; meditation on the person in the air as Brahman, 1, 303 ; only seen by one who attains to the AdhyHtma, 8, 316; the second entity, its presiding deity lightning, 8, 337, 340 ; touch is the characteristic of air, 8, 337, 340, 348, 350; sound and touch are its qualities, 8, 384 ; springs from ether, 34, lii ; 38, 18 sq. ; is found- ed on space (ether), 34, 413; the abode of heaven, earth,, and so on, 34, 154, 158 ; when it manifests Atself in the form of Parg-anya, lightning, thunder, rain, and thun- derbolts manifest themselves in it, 34, 229 ; with its five forms, 84, 229 ; 38, 87 ; is a product, 38, 3, 18 sq. ; fire is produced from air, 38,
20-2; fire is dissolved into air, 38, 26 ; air is dissolved into ether, 38, 26 ; in what sense it may be called prawa, 38, 87 ; union of Vayu with the air, 41, 148, 188; heals what- ever is injured in the earth, 41, 221 ; fashioned by the Rudras, 41, 234; is the home of the waters, 41, 416 ; the sun is the holder of the air, 43, 28 ; is of Trish/ubh nature, 43, 57 ; is the ' expanse ' metre, 43, 88 ; is the lower abode, 43, 203 ; three oblations of air or wind on the chariot, 43, 235 ; is the lesting- place in yonder world, as the earth is in this world, 44, 1 7 ; steadied by means of the birds and sun-motes, 44, 126 ; relates to Saras vat?, 44, 241 ; is the abode and support of all beings, 44, 407, 477 ; and Ether, this is the immortal, 48, 535 ; Bud- dhist saints walking through the air, 10 (i), 62 sq., £ n.
(b) AlR AS A DEITY.
Bali-offering to Air, 2, 107 sq. ; 29, 320 ; oblations to Air and Vayu, 29, 321 ; deity and brick of fire- altar, 43, 91 ; is hairless, Vayu the man, 43, 208 ; Vaijv&nara as Air, 43, 395 sq. ; one of the eight Vasus, 15, 140 sq.; 44, 116; expiatory obla- tion to Air, which is a place of abode for all the gods, 44, 505 ; invoked as a deity, 29, 232 ; 46, 253. See also Vayn.
Airak, n.p., 5, 13^.
Airammadiya, a lake in the world of Brahman, 1, 131, 132 n.
Airan-v^, Aira*n ve^6, the most un- disturbed land, 24, 86 sq., 86 n., 109 sq.; primaeval home of Mazda-wor- ship, the abode of Yim, 37, 190, 190 n.
Airava^a=Airavata, q. v.
Airavata, Indra's elephant, 22, 222, 231 ; the best of elephants, 45, 290.
Airi£, n.p., son of FreVGn, 5, 133 sq., 133 n.; 37, 28, 28 n. ; 47, ro sq., 34, 140 ; reigned twelve years, 5, 150 ; slain by his brothers, 24, 52, 52 n.; revenged by MsinuV- ^ihar, 24, 61, 61 sq. n. ; progenitor of Ma-nilr, 47, 128.
AM^-rasp Atispdslnan, n. of a high priest, 5, 115, 115 n.
Airs, vital, we Pra>as.
AIRYA— AKdMAN
Airya, Sairima, and Tiira, the three sons of Thraetaona, 4, lix.
Airyak, n.p., 47, 34.
Airyaman, the much-desired, in- voked, 23, 4, 13, 35, 37 ; and Asha- Vahijta praised together, 23, 41-8 ; invoked against diseases, sorcerers, and demons, 4, 229, 235, 241 ; heals diseases, 23, 41, 48 ; 37, u6n., 165, 165 n. ; the spell of A. most effica- cious against diseases, 4, 236-41 ; the A. Ishyo prayer, 4, 144, 147, 247; 23, 41-7; 31, 293. See Air- y^ma-ishyo.
Airy<?ma-ish.y6, see Prayers (/).
Airyia, son of ThraStaona, 23, 222, 222 n.
Aishavira/J, sons of Eshavira, a Brahmanical family held in general contempt, 44, 45, 45 n.
Aitareya, n. of a Rishi, 1, xcvii n. ; worshipped at the Tarpawa, 29, 123, 220 ; honoured as a teacher, 29, 141. See Mahidasa Ai.
Aitareya-£ira77yaka, in the begin- ning a Brahma^a, 1, Ixvi sq. ; intro- duction to and translation of Ai., 1, xci-xcviii, 155-268 ; the first chapter of the Ai. a mere continuation of the Aitareya-brahma«a, 1, xcii ; Ai. and Kaushitaki-upanishad, 1, xcix; Ajvallyana or Saunaka, author of the fifth book, 29, 153-8 ; quoted, 8, 87 n., 90 n., 123 n., i8on. ; 38, 421 ; 48, 773-
Aitareya-bralima^a and Aitareya- arawyaka, 1, xcii sq. ; quoted, 8, 20, 222, 265 n., 27611., 277n., 280 n.; 38, 421 ; on the Pravargya ritual, 44, slvii ; takes no account of the horse sacrifice, 44, xvi, xvii n.
Aitareya-upanishad, quoted, 8, 120 n., 123 n., 153 n., 179 n., 18711.. 189 n., 191 n., 251 n., 259 n., 339 n.; ^48, 240. See also Upanishads.
Ai-thai Tlio, was ' ugly enough to scare the whole world/ but a < Per- fect man' of T&o, 39, 229-33.
Aiwi&^arenah., n.p., 23, 214.
AiwisrtXthrima and Aibigaya (or, Aibigaya < the Hfe-furtherer,' epi- thet of Ai. ?), worshipped, 31, 197, 201, 204, 209, 215, 219, 224, 384. A£ala, n. of a giantess, 21, 374. A/£alalbhratr/, n. of a Sthavira, 22, 286.
Aka-Manah, see Akem-mano.
Akampita, n. of a Sthavira, 22, 286.
Akandgar-i Kilisyakih., or Alex- ander the Christian, 5, 200, 200 n.
Akanish^as (Akani#£a), the last stage before reaching the formless world, 10 (i), 57 n. ; heavenly beings, who lull the women of Gautama's
Ascraglio to sleep, 49 (i), 56.
Akankheyya-Sutta, early Bud- dhist mysticism in it, 11, x ; trans- lated, 11, 205-18.
Akarmabhtimi, one of the parts of
JLhe world where men live, 45, 225.
A£arya, Sk., see Teacher.
Akaj-a, Sk., see Ether.
Akasagotta, n. of a physician, 17,
A78sq.
Aka^apratish/^ita, n. of a Tatha- gata, 21, 178.
Akatasha (Zd.), AkatSsh (Phi), n. of a Da£va, 4, 2 24 ; spell against the da£va A., 4, 140 ; fiend of perver- sion, 5, 109 ; fiend of inquisitive- ness, 37, 182, 18211.
Akayadlia of the Pidha house, 23, 219.
A^elakas, see A^ivikas.
Akem-man6, or Aka-Manah, Zd., evil thought, 5, ion.; Zarathujtra unabated by A., 4, 210 ; assists the Evil Spirit, 23, 297; smitten by Vohu-Man6, 23, 308 ; opposed to Ahura-Mazda, 31, xviii sq. ; the wicked abiding in the actions of A., the Evil Mind, 31, 147, 150. See ^Akoman.
AklHianglia, n.p., 23, 217.
Akhrtoa, son of Husravah, 23, 223.
AkhrtXrag (?), friend of Keresasp, A18, 375, 375 n.
Akh^ti, see Peace.
Akht, or Akhto, Phi. = Akhtya, Zd., n. of a wicked wizard, 18, 411, 41 1 n. ; Y6uta solves the riddles of A. the sorcerer, 23, 72 sq, and n. ; enmity of A. the heretic, 87, 297 ; the wizard, killed, 47, xxx, 166, i66n.
Aklitya, see Akht.
Akhyaua, see Legends. A/£iravati, n. of a river, 11, 167,
167 n. , 169, 178-82. Akdman, Akdmand, Phi. = Zd. Akem-mano, evil thought, one of the six demons of Aharman, 5, 9 sq.,
D 2
36
AKOMAN— ALIGt
ion.; 18,93,96; 37, 243, 252 sq., 253 n.; the archfiend, his doings, 5, 106; seized by Vohuman, 5, 128; the stench of A. opposed by Vohu- mun, 5, 179; the stupefying, 87, 286 ; thoughts of the wicked due to A., 37, 388 ; his struggle with Vohu- man6 at the birth of Zoroaster, 47, 141 sq. See Akem-mano.
Akre-kbira^o, or AghreYa^ (Zd. Aghraeratha) killed by his brother, 47, 126, 126 n.
Akriyavada, Sk., t.t.5 see Philosophy.
Akriyavadin, t.t., see Nihilists.
Akshamala, a K&nd&fi, became the wife of Vasish^a, 2, 17511.; 25, 331, 331 n.; 49 (i), 45.
Akshapada, n.p., the arguments of Buddha, A., and others contra- dictory, 48, 425, 426.
Aksliara, Sk., both ' syllable,' and ' imperishable,' 1, in.; 34, 169; ' syllable/ 41, 158, 203; the Im- perishable, the Indestructible, 8, 439; 34,169-71,243; 383239sq.; the great Brahman, the one A. (Im- perishable One), 43, 343 sq. See Imperishable.
Akshavapa, Sk., e the keeper of the dice/ one of the officers of a king, 41, 63, 107 n.
Akshayamati, n. of a Bodhisattva Mahasattva, 21, 4 ; Buddha tells A. the wonderful powers of Avaloki- tejvara, 21, 406-12 ; informs JTitra- dhva^a about the saint Avalokite- jvara, 21, 413.
Akshobhya, n. of a Tathagata, 21, ^177; 49 (ii), 99.
Aktakshya, n.p., quoted, 41, 153.
Akuli and Kilata, priests of the
^Asuras, 12, 29 sq.
Aktiti, invoked in a love-charm, 42,
^04, 535-
Alabhika, Mahavira at, 22, 264. A/aka, n. of a place, 10 (ii), 184,
188. Alaka, the two demons A. and Po-
ku fight against each other, 19, 330. Alaka, Kuvera, the monarch of, 49
A(i), 36.
A/akamanda, the royal city of the Agods, 11, 100, 248 ; 35, 3, Alambayaniputra, n.p., 15, 225. Alambiputra, n. of a teacher, 15, 225.
A/ara Kalama, n. of a rival teacher of Buddha, 11, 75-7, 75 n., 79; one of the teachers to whom Gotama attached himself after his pabba^a, 13, 89 ; a teacher of the Bodisat, 36, 43-6.
Alarka, legend of A who wishes to conquer his mind and senses, 8, 296-300.
Alasanda, Milindaborn in the island of A. (Alexandria in Bactria), 35, xxiii, 127.
Alava, the demon, converted by
ABuddha, 19, 244.
A/avaka, a Yakkha, converted by
^Buddha, 10 (ii), 29-31.
A/avakasutta translated, 10 (ii),
^29-31.
A/avi, the realm of the Yakkha A/avaka, 10 (ii), 29 ; Buddha dwelt
Aat A., 10 (ii), 57; 20, 212.
A/avi-Gotama was delivered by faith, 10 (ii), 213.
Albirtini, on astrological Sawhitas called after Manu, 25, xcvii ; on the Parsi calendar, 47, xlv sq.
Alborz, Kaus built seven palaces in A., 4, 262 sq. n. See Hara Berezaiti.
AlTbtlrz, see Mountains.
Alexander the Great as an Anti- Zoroastrian persecutor, 4, xlviii sq.; mentioned in the H6m Yajt, 4, liv; the Riiman, 5, 151, 15111., 228; a Roman and a Christian, 5, 200 n. ; created immortal by Aharman, 24, 35) 35 n- ? devastation of Iran owing to the villain A., 37, xxxi, 9 sq.; 47, 82 sq.; ravages of A. and the Arumans, 37, 413, 413 n. ; calamity of A. burning the scriptures, 87, 423 sq., 430, 435, 437, ^46 sq. ; carried off a rough draft of the A vesta, and repeatedly burnt it, 87, 437, 441 sq. ; the devastator, 47, xi, 126 ; his conquest of Persia, 47, xv, xxviii ; date of his death, 47, xxvii sq. ; his accession, invasion, and death, 47, xxxi sq. ; cthe two- horned ' or DHU '1 Qarnain, 9, 24 n.
All, Abu Tahb's son, converted by Mohammed, 6, xxiii ; Abu Bekr and A., Mohammed's only com- panions during the flight from
JMecca, 6, xxxiii sq.
AligS and Viligt snake-deities, 42, 28
ALIKHAT— AMERETAT 37
Alikhat, n. of a demon harassing is { the best place of the eaith, the
infants, 29, 296; 30, 211. place of I/a,' 46, 287 sq. ; is a \\oman,
Allah, chief god of the tribes in 12,63,86; 26, 120; etymology of Arabia, 6, xii ; his supremacy vedi, 12, 60 ; the altar-ground, is
merely nominal, 6, xiv ; the unity the world of the gods, 43, 1 1 8 ; is of A. preached by Mohammed, 6, fivefold, sevenfold, 48, 308 sq. ;
xxiv ; called Ar-Ra'hman, l the whatever good deed man does that
merciful one,' 6, Ixi ; angels and is inside the a., whatever evil deed
deities, daughters of A., 6, Ixi; he does that is outside the a., 44, 45;
Muslim belief in A., 6, Ixvi-lxviii; the Vedi is the Gayatri, 44, 56; the ninety-nine attributes or 'good the high a. (uttaravedi) is the nose names' of A., 6, Ixvii sq. ; had oi the sacrifice, 26, 113; the sky,
looi names, 23, 21. See God. 41, 349 ; the air, 44, 248 ; the sacri-
Allakappa, n.pl., the Bulis of A,, fice,44, 498. See a/so Fire-altar, and
11, 132 ; Dagaba at A., 11, 134. Holy places.
Allat, chief idol of an Arabian tribe, Altars, five, see Fires, five ; to be
6, xii sq. ; the divinity of A. recog- erected by the king and officers, 28,
nized and again denied by Mo- 2o6sq.
hammed, 6, xxvi sq. ; favourite Ama, n. of Praraa, breath, 1, 76.
idol of T&'if, 6, xhii ; feminine AmagancHiaTbrahma^a, n. p., 10
form of Allah, 6, 160 n. ; the idol of A(ii), 40.
the T//aqif, 9, 9 n. Amagandhasutta, t.c., 10 (ii), 40-2.
Allegory, allegorical sacrifice, sense- Amara, the faithtul wife of Maho-
organs being the priests, sense- sadha, 35, 294-6.
objects the oblations, &c., 8, 261; Amaravati, city of the gods on
Brahman (or knowledge of Brahman) Mount Meru, 12, non.
described as a forest, 8, 284-8 ; alle- Amba, her son Ganta, 19, xxvii.
gorical explanation of Buddhist Amba-gama,n.pl.,Buddhaat,ll,66.
stanzas, 10 (i), 70 sqq. n. See aho Ambala///dka, n.pl, Buddha at,
Parables. 11, 12; the Brahma^ala spoken at
All-gods, see Vijve Deva£. the royal rest-house at A., 20, 376.
All-Sacrifice, see Sarvamedha. Ambapali = Sk. Amrapali, n. of a Alms, see Begging, Chanty, and Gifts, famous courtesan, who invites Altar, Sk. Vedi, the altar-ground, Buddha together with his Bhikkhus
or sacrificial ground, its preparation, to a meal, and presents her mansion
12, 47-94, 422-5 ; 26, 1-3 ; measur- to the order of mendicants, 11, 30-3; ing of it, 12, 62 sq. ; 43, 30 sq., 17, 105-8; 19, 266; her grove at 306-11 ; enclosing the a., 12, 423 ; Vesali, 11, 28-34; Vesali flourishing construction of two altars (vedi and through her fame, 17, 171 sq. ; sees uttaravedi), 12, 392 sq. and n., 417 ; Buddha and is converted by him, 19, 26, 115 sq.; 44, 225, 22511.; 43, 252-6.
i2T, 182 sq.; preparation of the Ambarislia, verses sung of old by
Soma a. with the high a. (uttaravedi), king A., 8, 301-3; having dwelt in
26, 1 1 1-20 ; Uttaravedi, or northern the forest, returned to the royal
(or upper) a. not required for Vau- office, 19, 107 ; 49 (i), roo sq.
vadeva, 12, 388, 388 n. ; plan of Ambas, Ambayavis, and Ambayas,
sacrificial ground, 26, 475; the in the world of Brahman, 1, 276.
Vihara or sacrificial ground, 30, 331 ; Ambassadors, see War.
how to step past it, 44, 57 sq. ; Ambhi?zi, teacher of Va£, 15, 226.
Barhis spread on it; 46, 198 ; specu- Ambhrml, the voice of thunder,
lations on it, 43, xvii, xviin. ; as wife of the Maruts, 32, 275.
great as the a. is, so great is this Ambika, sister of Rudra, 12, 440 ;
earth, 12, 60; 26, 175; the Vedi is is the dispenser of happiness, 12,
this earth, 41, 345, 3495 43, 171, 44*-
235 ; 44, 248 ; this a.-ground is the Ambrosia, see AmHta.
farthest end of the earth, 44, 390; Ameretat, see Ameroda^.
AMERODA£>— AMESHA-SPEATTAS
Amerdda^ or Amurdad, Phi, = Zd. Arnereta/j immortality, 5, 10 n. ; the archangel, created, 5, 10 ; pro- tector of plants, 5, 30 sq., 176, 310, 310 n., 359; 31, 207, 207 n., 211, 213 sq., 221 sq., 226-8; has the /£amba flower, 5, 104 ; attacks Zcii- rU, 5, 128 ; propitiated, invoked, and worshipped, 5, 372 sq., 377 sq., 401,405; 23, 5, 14, 36 sq.; 24,304; creatures are immortal through A., 37, 291 ; prescribes the care of plants to Zoroaster, 47, 162 ; mingles the plants with rain, 24, 112 sq. n.; see Immortality; Horvadad(Haurtva- tdt, Khurdad) and A., two archangels, angels of water and plants, 5, 310, 3 ion.; 24, IT, un.; their ritual and worship, 5, 227; 24, 304; 47, 76, 76 n. ; are the reward of the holy ones, 23, 31, sin.; 37, 388; smite hunger and thirst at the resur- rection, 23, 308 ; their gifts, 23, 312 (food and drink); 37, 286sq. (cattle), 369 (abundance) ; 47, 26, 26 n. (water and seeds) ; unreasonable chattel- causes distress to them, 24, 1 1, 1 1 n.; 37, 207, 207 n. ; are injured by immoderate drinking, 24, 48 ; are propitiated by grace said before and after eating, 21, 284 sq. ; the com- plete worthiness existing in them, 37, 251 ; their power produced by AQharmazd, 37, 264 ; Zoroaster be- comes worthy through them, 37, 268; expounded to FrashoVtar, 37, 37^.
Amesha-Spe;/tas, or Ameshd-spew- tas, Zd. = Phi. Ameshospends (Am- shaspands), the archangels.
(a) A. in mythology. (/>) Worship of A.
(c) A. as guardians of Zoroastrian religion and morality.
(a) A. IX MYTHOLOGY.
A. belong to later Mazdeism, 4, Ixi; parallels to the six A. in Philo's system, 4. Ivi sq. ; the A, as archangels and God's attributes, 5, Ixxii ; 31, xviii, xxiv ; the seven A., ' immortal benefactors,' or ' archangels/ 5, 10 n. ; abstracts, and personified, 81, 7 1, 77 sq., 1 76, r 79 sq., 1 80 n.; T»dra, Saurva, and N^unghai- thya, opposed to the A., 4, lii sq. ; Spe^ta Mainyu and the seven A., 4, 139 n. ; 31, 145 sq. ; rule over the seven Karshvares of the earth,
4, 213 ; 23, 163 ; the Garo-nmanem or paradise of the A., 4, 22osq. ; presiding over the regions of nature, 4, 245, 24511.; Ahura Mazda and the A., 4, 283 ; 23, 24; 24, 117; the A. assist Ahura Mazda in smiting the demons of Aharman at the resur- rection, 5, 128 sq.; opposed by the demons, 37, 21, 21 n.; Aiiharmazd performed the spiritual Yastun cere- mony with them, 5, 1 4 : Vayu works the good of Ahura Mazda and the A., 23, 259 ; the makers and gover- nors and keepers of Ahura Mazda's creation?, 23, 291 ; compassion of Aiiharmazd and the A. with their own creatures, 24, 101 ; Ahura announces Zarathiutra's appoint- ment to the A., 31, 4 sq., iosq.; called 'the Ahuras of Mazda,' 31, 34, 34 n., 37, 42 ; Ahura Mazda will give Universal Weal and Immor- tality, with Vohumanah, Asha, Khshathra,and Aramaiti, 31, 147 sq.; and Saoshyawts, 4, 291, 291 n. ; creation of the A., 5, psq.; 24, 32sq.; the white ermine came into the assembly of the A., 5, 89 ; every flower is appropriate to an angel (AmeshOspend), 5, 103-5 ; male and female, 5, 215; 31, 214, 288, 319, 348; enumerated, 23, 49, i42sq.; stand up, as soon as the moon appears, 23, 90 ; assist Tijtrya, 23, 103; the waters flow and plants grow at the wish of the A., 23, 193 sq. ; Ahura Vanguhi, sister of A., 23, 270, 274; AQharmazd sent A. to Vutasp, 23, 339; 37, 24 ; the Dru4? overcome with the help of the A., 31, 37, 42 ; how the words Asha, Vohu-manah, &c., are used in the G&thas, 31, 162 n. ; it would not be possible to produce the living exist- ence without the A., 24, 356; spiritual blessings bestowed by the A., 31, 178, i86sq. ; the body of the sun made for the creation of the A., 31, 262; worshipped by Sraosha, 31, 298-300, 29811.; Sraosha among the A., 31, 300, 300 n. ; by Sraosha's might the A. descend upon this earth, 31, 303 ; dwell together with the good mind, 31, 348, 352 ; re- union of the A. on the heights of Heaven, 31, 382. See also Angels (£),
AMESHA-SPEA'TAS- AM^/TODANA 39
(£) WORSHIP OF A* vati, 21, 178, 389, 417; 49 (ii),
Offerings and prayers to Ahura xxii sq., 32, 91, 97-101, i66sq.,
Mazda and the A., 4, 213, 215, 217, 169-200; A, and his land Sukhavati
248, 349; 5, 191 ; 23,3,6, 9sq., 13, shown by Buddha Sakyamuni, 49
15, T7sq., 35, 37, 39? 89, 230, 274; (ii), x, 59-61 ; worshipped in
31, 172; Auharrnazd and the A. Sukhavati, 49 (ii), 67; one of the
praised by all men on the day of Dhyani-buddhas, 49 (ii), 103-, Dhar-
judgement, 5, 126; Ahura Mazda makara became A., 49 (ii), x, 28;
and A. long for the morning service, names of A., 49 (ii), 29 sq. ; why he
23, 142, 14211.; the Haptan Yajt, is called A. and Amitayus, 49 (ii),
invocations of the seven A., 23} 2 sq., 97 sq. ; those who think of the
35-40 ; sacrifice and prayer to the Tathagata and of Bodhi will after
A., the Bountiful Immortals, 23, 22, death see A., 49 (ii), 45 sq.; seen
31, 166, 350, 352sq., 355: 31, 14, by queen Vaidehi, 49 (ii), i75sq. ;
1 7, 1 7 n., 196, &c. ; worship in order his supernatural powers, 49 (ii), 187 ;
to increase the A., 23, 34; who worship of and prayers to A. Buddha,
worships the sun benefits the A., 49 (ii), vi, i, 28-33 ; repeating or
23, 86 ; the friends of the A. wor- hearing the name of A. Buddha a
shipped, 23, 165 ; Fravashis of the means of salvation, 49 (ii), viii sq.,
A. worshipped, 23, 199 sq. ; 31,273, 68, 99, 198; glorified by Buddhas,
278; the glory of the seven A. 49 (lij, 45 ; praised by Bodhisattvas
praised, 23, 290 sq.; all the A. in- and worshipped by gods and men,
voked as personalities and qualities, 49 (ii), 46-8 ; meditation on the
31, 71, 77sq.n.; the Yenhe ha" tain bodily marks of A., 49 (ii), 179-81.
prayer devoted to the A., 31, 269. Amitadhva^a, n. of a Tathagata,
(c) A. AS GUARDIANS OF ZORO- 49 (ii), JOO.
ASTRIAN RELIGION AND MORALITY. Amitaprablia, n. of a Tathagata,
A. preside over all good things, 4, 49 (ii), 66.
149-54, 149 n. ; confess the religion Amitaskandha, n. of a Tathigata,
ot Zoroaster, 23, 142 sq. ; longed 49 (ii), 100.
for Zarathiutra, 23, 202 ; when the Amitau^as, the couch in the world
A. came meeting Zaratujt they wore of Brahman, 1, 276, 277.
the sacred thread girdle, 24, 270; Amitayiir-dhyana-sfttra, t. w.,
the unholy priest displeases the A., sacred book of the Buddhists in
23, 156, 331; do not accept cere- Japan, 49 (ii), v-vii, xx-xxii ; trans- monial from the false-hearted man, lated, 49 (ii), 159-201.
24, 53; a wise and innocent poor Amitayus, a name of Amitabha, 49 man esteemed by the A. more than (li), 32. See Amitabha.
a foolish king, 24, 105; disturbed Amoghadamn, one of the sixteen
by untruth, 37, 73 ; give brightness, virtuous men, 21, 4.
glory, and plenty to the righteous, Amogharaga, n. of a Bhikshu, 49
23, 337, 340; Vahman introduces (ii), 2.
the soul to Aurmazd and the A., 4, 'Amr, n.p., joins the Muslim ranks,
374 ; assist, or come to meet, the 6, xli.
righteous soul, 23, 336 ; 24, j 7, 17 n,, Amram, see Imran,
20 sq., 30, 8r, 266, 279; Aramaiti, Amrapali, see Ambapali.
Sovereign Power, Good Mind, and eAmr ibn. Ijaliy, chieftain of Mecca,
Righteous Order bestow a body on 6, xvii.
the soul, 31, 27, 32 sq. See also Amr/ta, SL, draught of immortality
Gods (/). (cf. ' ambrosia'). See Immortality. Awliasaspati, n. of a god, lord of Amr/tananda, author of the last
trouble, 26, 322. four books of the Buddha-^arita,
Amonah, mother of Mohammed, 6, 49 (i), x sq., xiv-xvii, 147 n., 200
xviii. sq. n. Amitabha, or Amitayus, n. of a Amr/todana, uncle of Buddha, 19,
former Buddha, his abode in Sukhi- xxv.
40
AMRU— ANANDA
Amru and ^Tamru, mythical birds, 23, 210, 210 n.
A?;^a, n.d,, Partha oblation to, 41, 82 ; and Vivasvant invoked with other gods, 42, 1 60 ; Agni said to be A., desirous of distributing gods, 46, 186, 190.
A.msu, awjugraha, t.t., a certain cup of Soma at the Soma sacrifice, 4J, 5 sq. ; 44, 105 sq.; identified with Pra^apati, 26, 248, 423 sq. See Sacrifices (z).
Amulets, worn for the sake of prosperity, 30, 93; 42, 541; against diseases and demons, 42, 37-9? 42j 67, 234-6, 258 n., 281, 284, 287, 291, 336 sq., 339 sq., 399 sq., 402 sq., 464, 505-7, 511, 553, 561, 578; life- protecting a., 42, 62 sq., 383 sq., 573, 668 sq. ; protection against sorceries or talismans, 42, 79-88, 476, 476 n., 575-8, 605, 608-10; to ensure conception, 42, 96 sq., 501 sq. ; for strengthening royal power, 42, 114, 239, 332, 439, 477 ; to secure love, 42, 275 sq., 276 n. ; against curses, 42, 285 ; a king must wear gems which destroy poison, 25, 251 ; worn by the Snataka, 30, 276 ; worn by women, 42, 356, 460 ; consisting of salve, 42, 381 ; of plants, &c., 42, 693 sq.
AmtLrdadT, see Amer6da^.
Amusements, see Games.
Anabhibhtt « Mahabhi^a^wfana-
Jbhibhu, q. v.
Anabhimlata, n. of a teacher, 15,
118. Anadr/ta, n. of a tree deity (?), 45,
48 n.
Anagamin, Buddh. t.t., 'one that does not return ' ; the state of the
A. results from the four noble truths,
x (ii), 132-44. Anagha, n.d.,, offering to A. at rites
relating to agriculture, 30, 113 sq. Anah.6^/, see Ardvi-siira-Anahita.- Analiita, see Ardvi-siira-Anahita, Ananda, n.p., the faithful disciple,
attendant, and companion of Buddha,
11, 3, &c. ; 13, 202, 206; 17, 36,
41, 43, 68 sq., 87 sq., 101 sq., 118,
191 sq., 240 sq. ; 20, 80, 299 ; 21,
3, 205 ; 49 (ii), 2, 90, 164 sq. ; A.
and five other Sakyas, with Upali
the barber, become Bhikkhus to-
gether, 19, 226; 20, 228-33; 35, 163; 49(i), 193; dialogues between Buddha and A., 11, 3, 25-7 ; 49 (ii), ix sq., 3-60 ; assembles the Bhikshus in the Service Hall, to be addressed by Buddha, 11, 5 sq. ; asks Buddha to leave instructions as to the Order, 11, 36 ; being pos- sessed by Mara, does not, until it is too late, ask Buddha to stay longer in this world, 1 1 , 4 r sq. , 5 4-8 ; 20, 379 sq. ; weeping at the thought ot Buddha's death, 11, 95 sq.; 19, 268-70 ; comforted by Buddha, 11, 96 sq. ; 19, 270-4; his wonderful qualities praised by Buddha, 11, 97-9; and the dying Buddha, 11, 99, 118, 2^38 sq., 247 ; 19, 286 sq., 290 sq.; A. and the crow boys who \ush to be ordained, 13, 204 sq. ; his superior Belatt&xsisa, 17, 48, 226; Rqga, the Malla, a friend of A., 17, 135 sq., 228 ; A. and the rules about the robes of Bhikkhus, 17, 208 sq., 213 sq., 233 ; questions Buddha about schisms, 17, 317 ; mentioned as one of the principal Thera Bhikkhus, 17, 360 ; Buddha followed by KaVyapa, the latter by A., 19, xi, xiv ; remained by Buddha's side when all the other Bhikshus took to flight from the drunken elephant, 19, 247 ; 35, 297- 300, 298 n. ; recites the Sutra Pi/aka at the Council of the 500 Arhats, 19, 335 ; Devadatta tells A. that he will perform Uposatha for himself, 20, 255 ; persuades Buddha to admit women into the Order, and intercedes in favour of Bhikkhunis, 20, 321-8, 380; though not an Arhat, chosen as one of the members of the Council of R%a- gaha, 20, 372 ; obtains Arhatship, 20, 373 sq. ; questioned by Maha- Kassapa about the Vinaya, 20, 376 sq. ; charged with various offences at the council of Ra^agaha, confesses them, 20, 379 sq. ; im- poses the higher penalty on Joanna the Bhikkhu, 20, 381-5 ; preaches to King Udena's ladies, receives a gift of five hundred robes, and satisfies the king as to how Bhikkhus dispose of property given to them, 20, 382-4; gifts to A., equal to
ANANDA— ANCESTOR WORSHIP
41
those given to Buddha, 20, 402 ; Buddha's prophecy about A. who is to be the Buddha Sagaravaradhara- buddhivikrWitabhi^wa, 21, 206-8 ; remembers the Buddhas of the past, 21, 208 sq. ; could remember his previous births, 35, 122 ; Buddha's prophecy to A. concerning the duration of the law, 35, 185-7 ; applauds the speech of Buddha, 49 (ii), 72 ; Buddha instructs A. about Sukhavatt and Amitayus, 49 (ii), 168, 171 sq., 186, 188, 199-
^201.
Ananda, n.p., story of A. the rich
^tnan, 36, 249.
Ananda, Sk., t.t., see Bliss.
Anandagiri, n.p,, mentions Dravi-
AdsU?arya, 34, xxii.
Ananda ^sfetiya, at Bhoga-nagara, 11, 66.
Anandamaya, t.t., see Bliss.
AnanghaflT, son of HQshan^, 47, 35.
Ananghas, n. of a family, 47, 140.
Ananta, chief among Nagas, 8, 89.
Ananta, n. of a Tirthakara, 22, 280,
Ananta^aritra, n. of a chief Bo- dhisattva, 21, 284.
Anantakaya, attendant on Milinda, 35, 47-9 ; = Antiochos? 35, xix.
Anantamati, son of a former Buddha
^andrasuryapradipa, 21, 19.
Anantarya sins, see Sins,
Anantavikramin, a Bodhisattva Mahasattva, 21, 4.
Anantavirya, n. of a Tathagata,
°49 (ii), ioo.
Anasava, t.t., free from the four Asavas, 11, 97 n.
Anamat Sangamana, a deity identified with the hall fire, 12, 338.
Anasrava, Gaina t.t., explained, 22, 37 n.
Anastokh, son of AirU, 5, 133.
a, or °piw^aka, see
Anatnapi^ika, or °piw^/aka, or °pi- w^ada, n.p., meets with Buddha, receives his teaching, and presents the Vihara of £etavana to the Bhikshus, 19, 201-18, 231 ; 20, 179- 89, 197 sq. ; Buddha in A.'s Grove at Savatthi, 10 (ii), 17, 20, &c. ; 11, 210,223,296; lB,2io, 302, 325 sq.; 17, 24, 36, 41, 76, 143, 146 sq., 216, 314 sq,, 329, 351, 363, 377, 397 ;
20, i, 130, 272, 335, 388; 49 (ii), 89, n i ; questions Buddha how lay devotees are f to behave towards the litigious Bhikkhus,' 17, 318 j Buddha addresses him as Sudatta,
20, 182; his daughter JSTulIa Sub- hadda, 36, 308 n.
Anatta;;/, t.t., absence of soul, non- individuality, one of the three parts of Buddhist wisdom, 11, 911., 162, 294.
Anavanamita-vai^ayanta, n. of the sphere of Ananda as Buddha,
21, 206 sq.
AnavanatEt Vai^ayanti= Anavana- mita-vai^ayanta, q. v.
Anavatapta, n. of a Naga king,21, 5.
Ancestors, warriors rewarded and punished before the spirits of the a., 3, 77 ; the king's a. are the spiritual sovereigns, 3, 109 ; protect and punish their descendants, 3, 109 sq. ; the worshipped a. grant a long line of descendants, 3,402 ; calling back the spirit of a deceased, 27, 108, 108 n., r 1 2, 129; the dead treated as spiritual intelligences, 27, 148, 148 n. ; discon- tented ghosts of rulers and princes, 28, 206 sq. ; deceased ministers be- come assessors to Heaven, 3, 207, 207 n.; the date of marriage to be announced to the a., 27, 78 ; the spirit of the departed should not be a single day without a resting-place,
27, 172; by vigil and purification one seems to see the deceased friends, 28, 211; inscriptions with panegyrics of the a., 28, 251-3. See Ancestor Worship, Fathers, Fravashis, Souls, and Spirits.
Ancestor "Worship.
(a) Chinese a. w.,.general views and rules. (#) Sacrifices to ancestors in China.
(c) Representatives of the dead in Chinese
a. w.
(d) Chinese ancestral temples.
(e) A. w. in Parsi religion.
N.B. — On a. w. in India, see Fathers, Funeral lites, and ^raddhas.
(a) CHINESE A. w., GENERAL VIEWS
AND RULES.
Music and dance at a. w., 8, 6 1 ;
28, 32 sq. ; in worshipping your an- cestors prove your filial piety, 8, 98 sq. ; 28, 291, 310 sq. ; former kings help the men of later times, 3, 120 ; Tan rears altars to the kings Thai, -O,and Wan, and prays for the
ANCESTOR WORSHIP
life of his brother Wu, 3, 152-4, 152 n. ; the a. w. of the common people, according to Confucius, 3, 299 sq. ; royal a. w. 3, 300-2 ; 27, 108 ; a. w. procures long life, 3, 326 ; a festival in honour of the ancestors, 8, 374 sq. ; Wan conformed to the example of his ancestors, and their spirits had no occasion for dissatis- faction, 3, 388; when passing by a grave, one should bow forward to the cross-bar, 27, 185 ; visits to the graves of one's fathers on taking and returning from a journey, 27, 185; nourishment of the living, burial of the dead, and service of the spirits, 27, 388 sq., 391 ; branches ot family and a. w,, 28, 43sq., 4311.; from a. w. arose the worship of nature gods, 28, 67 ; worthies to whom a. w. is due, 28, 207-9 ; cere- monies connected with it, 28, 292 sq.; a. w. under different dynasties, 28, 341 sq. ; to reverence the spirits of the departed a duty of rulers, 40, 29 ; the wicked slight the spirits of an- cestors, 40, 243.
(t>) SACRIFICES TO ANCESTORS IN CHINA.
Sacrificial observances paid to the five Tis, 3, xxviii sq. ; Shun sacrificed a bull to the Cultivated Ancestor, 3, 40, 40 n.; in the twelfth month of the first year 1 Yin sacri- ficed to the former king, and pre- sented the heir-king before the shrine of his grandfather, 3, 92 ; sacrifices offered by the king to his ancestors, 3, 107, 241 sq. and n., 244, 348; 27, 30 sq.; 28, 42-4, 60 sq. ; K&ang honours Tan by sending him an offering, as if he were a departed spirit, 3, 194, 194 n.; animal sacri- fices (red bulls) to the ancestors, 3, 195, 366, 370, 370 n., 387 ; services for spirits and manes regulated by the Minister of Religion, 3, 228, 22 8 n.; animal sacrifices at a. w., 3, 300 ; sacrifices and odes to royal ancestors, 3, 304-36; the ancestors enjoy the sacrifice, and bless the worshipper, 3, 306, 339, 339 n., 343~5, 348, 366-8, 370, 375, 401 sq. ; spirits and food offered to the ancestors, 3, 369 sq. ; libations poured out to the spirits of the
departed, 3, 386 sq. and n.; offer- ings made to the ancestors during a drought, 3, 420 sq., 420 n., 421 n.; extinction of sacrifices to the an- cestors equal to extinction of dy- nasty, 3, 421; the son's duty to mourn for and sacrifice to his parents, 3, 480, 487 sq. ; offerings to the spirits of the ancestors, brought by husband and wife, 16, 182, 184 sq. n.; ancestors associated with God at the sacrifices ot ancient kings, 16, 287 sq., 289 n. ; sacrifices to the departed, 27, 35 sq., 116 sq., 444- 8 ; 28, aor-6, 221 sq., 231, 233 sq., 238, 240-53 ; food used at offerings to the deceased, 27, 82 ; names to be given to relatives when they are sacrificed to, 27, 117 sq. ; sacrifices at funeral rites, 27, 133, 137, 139, 141 sq., 151, 153, 156 sq., 15711., 161, i6in., 168-71,175, 177 sq., 189 sq. ; 28, 46-8, 48 n., 50, 53-5, 58; sacri- fice of Repose, 27, 189 sq. ; sacri- fices to princes, high ministers, and officers who benefited the people, 27, 274; spoils of the chase sacri- ficed to all ancestors, 27, 300 ; sacrifices to deified sovereigns and ministers, 27, 307 ; united sacrifice in the shrine of the high ancestor, 27, 325; sacrifices by a son of a secondary wife instead of the eldest son, 27, 335-7, 335 n., 336 n. ; sacrifices to former masters and sages and to the former aged in the college, 27, 359 sq.; origin and development of offerings to the dead, 27, 369-74,^370 n., 444 ; sacri- fice to an old wife,