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MEMOIR
WILLIAM N, F.R.S.
BY JAMES SHERMAN,
Ml
TH,
J
MEMOIR
OP
WILLIAM ALLEN, F.R.S.
BY JAMES SHERMAN,
MINISTER OF SURREY CHAPEL.
PHIL A DELPHI A : HENRY LONGSTRETH, "C^**^
No. 738 SANSOM
PREFACE.
FEW men have deserved to have their character and efforts more widely diffused than William Allen. He was a " man greatly beloved" by a large circle of scientific, benevolent, and religious persons, who, during the period in which he lived, took the lead in endeavoring to emancipate the human mind from the shackles of ignorance and bigotry. His time and heart were devoted, for a long series of years, to obtain freedom for the slave, education for the chil dren of the poor, relief for consciences oppressed by ecclesiastical rule, and discipline calculated to reform as well as punish the guilty. His chemical experi ments and philosophical lectures contributed greatly to banish erroneous notions, and to enlarge the circle of sound knowledge, among professional and studious persons ; while his industry, self-denial, and piety, shed a lustre on his character, furnish an example to all, and show how much may be accomplished for the good of others by one ardent, intelligent mind I
His " Life, with Selections from his Correspondence," was published in 1846, by his relatives, in three closely
(iii)
IV PREFACE.
printed octavo volumes. That it was highly valued was proved by the sale of two thousand copies. Its bulk and price, however, prevented the extensive circulation which it deserved among persons of small means, and with but little time at command. Much of the information contained in the three previous volumes being purely denominational, or connected with incidents of every day life, both in business and religious experience, it was found, might be omitted without injury to the deceased. A volume exhibiting his principal characteristics, and his efforts to serve his Saviour, and to benefit the human family, appears more likely to be useful to general readers. The present Memoir, undertaken at the request of Mr. Allen's friends, is an effort to condense what is calcu lated to inform and cheer all who take an interest in well directed efforts to save the souls, and improve the condition of their neighbors. The volume will be found not a mere abridgement, as the greater part has been entirely re-written. It is cast into the treasury of knowledge, by the writer, as a mite which, he trusts, will be accepted and owned by the Gracious Master whom Mr. Allen served, and as a testimony of affec tionate regard for him whom he was permitted to
call his friend.
J. SHERMAN.
SURREY PARSONAGE, May 1 6, 1851.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. His Early History, ••••••»£ I
CHAPTER II. Entrance into Business — Marriage and Death of his Wife, 9
CHAPTER III. His Partnership and Extended Labors, . . • . 20
CHAPTER IV. Second Marriage — Anti-Slavery and Educational Efforts, 48
CHAPTER V. Labors in the Various Institutions — Publication of the
" Philanthropist," • • • 72
CHAPTER VI. New Lanark, and Interview with theJEmperor of Russia, 99
CHAPTER VII. British and Foreign School Society — Duke of Kent's
Affairs, 121
CHAPTER VI 1 1.
ViMt to 1'yrmont, and Death of his Second Wife, . . 144
CHAPTER IX. First Efforta in Ministry, and Visit to Lanark, . . 176
(v)
VI CONTENTS.
CHAPTER X. Journey to Norway and Sweden, . . . . . 192
CHAPTER XI. Visit to Petersburg, . . . - . . . . 224
CHAPTER XII. Visit to the Mennonites and German Colonies, . . 264
CHAPTER XIII. Journey through Turkey and Italy to England, . . 29$
CHAPTER XIV. Interviews with the Emperor of Russia, at Vienna, and
Verona, . . . 327
CHAPTER XV. Return from Verona— Death of his Daughter, and Third
Marriage, ... . . .... .3/0
CHAPTER XVI.
Death of his Mother— Visits Prussia, Austria, and Hun gary, . . ' . . • • •• • • 4°4
CHAPTER XVII. Visit to Spain, 444
CHAPTER XVIII. Death of his Wife, and Visit to Ireland, .... 463
CHAPTER XIX. Various Incidents, including a Journey to Prussia, from
1837 to 1840, . ... . . . .- . 485
CHAPTER XX. Death of his Niece— His Last Illness, and Happy Death, 502
CHAPTER XXI. Summary of Mr. Allen's Characteristics, . . . 516
MEMOIR
WILLIAM ALLEN, ESQ., F.E.S.
CHAPTER I.
HIS EARLY HISTORY.
GKNIUS, like its glorious Author, cannot long be concealed. A spring pressed with a weight of super incumbent earth, which hinders its rising in the spot nearest its source, will permeate the soil till it finds some cranny through which it can work its way to the surface, and when observed become a blessing to many a traveller; and a mind eminently endowed often meets with impediments, which, like blocks of granite, seem to arrest its course, yet apparently unim portant providential events open paths for its develop ment, so that it rises unexpectedly to bless the world with its influence.
This was n-markably illustrated in the subject of this memoir. His parents belonged to a religious community which had no immediate coinu-ction with
2 HIS PARENTS. [1770.
the objects to which his genius inclined ; his education was carried on according to the straitest sect amongst their instructors ; his father's hopes and determination were that his son should follow the business in which he had obtained a competent livelihood; a pious mother had abundant fears lest a more public life should make him forget the God whose name she had taught him to reverence, and the almost impassable distance which the habits and peculiarities of Friends interpose between those educated in their principles and the circles of royalty and fashion, seemed, to an ordinary observer of events, the very reverse of the pathway to the elevation he afterwards attained, and to present obstacles to its possession which little less than a miracle could remove.
Job Allen, the father of William, was born at Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, and after his settlement in London became a manufacturer of silk in Spital- fields. His wife Margaret descended from an Irish family of the city of Cork, whose name was Stafford. They were both members of the religious Society of Friends, and bore an irreproachable character for their integrity, piety, and domestic training. They had four sons, of whom William was the eldest. He was born 29th August, 1770, and became a special charge to his affectionate parents, who, as soon as he could un derstand, commenced a system of tender yet judicious restraint, and of wise and cheerful instruction, which made religion attractive. They taught him to value scripture truth, and to love the society of those who were its advocates, and especially to take heed to the convictions of the Holy Spirit as the best check to vice
1784.] YOUTHFUL GENIUS. 3
and the safest guide to truth. His mother was a pre eminently godly woman, to whose watchful care and early inculcation of great religious principles William Allen owed, as he was ever ready to acknowledge, much of his future elevation. " I well remember the deep religious solicitude which my honored and be loved mother felt for her children ; how she used to collect us round her in her chamber, when we were very young, and talk to us in terms adapted to our capacity, of the things which belong to the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ."
It also appears that he was favored in childhood with a pious schoolmistress, who deepened and sustained the godly instructions of his parents. An incident in her daily tuition made a deep impression on his tender mind. It was her practice before her pupils were dis missed, to make them stand around her, holding each other's hands, and say the Evening Hymn. In after years, as these scenes in the days of his childhood were occasionally brought to his remembrance, he would describe with grateful animation the feelings of infantile devotion, which even then, at times filled his heart and brought tears into his eyes as he repeated the impressive verses.
In boyhood he evinced much of that activity cf thought and energy in execution, which so remarkably characterized his later years; yet his health was deli cate and required purer air than that of London. II j was sent to Mr. Alexander's school at Rochester, where he regained his vigor, and by whose instructions he not only increased his knowledge, but did not lo:;e the benefit uf his pious training. His stay at this
4 EARLY PIETY. [1788.
school was very brief, and the education he received, though enough to qualify him to pursue his father's business, was far from that usually styled liberal. He very early, however, gave indications of a genius which enabled him to surmount this disadvantage. His taste for philosophical pursuits began to develop itself; he had a particular predilection for chemistry, and was persevering in his efforts to obtain an experimental knowledge of this science. Astronomy was also a favorite pursuit, and at the age of fourteen he had himself constructed a telescope with which he could see the satellites of Jupiter. In describing this cir cumstance he said, that " not being strong in cash" he was obliged to go economically to work ; he accord ingly purchased an eye piece and object glass, for which he paid one shilling ; he then bought a sheet of pasteboard, which cost twopence, and having made his tubes, and adjusted his glasses, he found, to his great delight, that the moons were visible. Thus for fourteen pence he obtained a source of enjoyment, the recollection of which always afforded him pleasure.
The cultivation of his mind and his philosophical attainments were happily united with sound Christian principle, and subjected to the authority of God's word. He was singularly watchful lest the allure ments of science should beguile his heart from love to God or adherence to the simple truths of the Gospel ; and his example is an encouraging instance of the efficacy ot that grace by which he was enabled, through a long course of years, steadily and consistently to pursue the path of piety and usefulness. It accounts also for the singular fact, that men addicted to scien-
1789.] EARLY PIETY. 5
tific pursuits generally become averse to religion, either because its claims are neglected through the engrossing nature of their subjects, or by the influence of evil associates, they yield too readily to science the glory which is due only to God.
One means by which he kept his heart with dili gence, and which has furnished memoranda for a connected life, was to record the principal events of his history, both secular and religious, in a diary which he commenced at seventeen years of age, and sustained with unwearied perseverance for above half a century. The very first entries distinctly indicate the character that was in process of formation. They are brief, but pointed and spiritual :
" iqth First Month, 1788. — Experienced some degree of comfort in striving against evil thoughts."
"2oth.— I went to Ratcliflf to take leave of my cousin. Worldly conversation was a burden to her, and to my dear mother, whose attention was fixed on higher objects. I must take part of the blame on myself."
He regrets that he was " impatient on disappoint ment," but rejoices that he was "soon calmed." He resolves to " spend no time unprofitably." He expe riences " how happy is the state of those who are led and guided by the Spirit of truth, the inward moni tor." He exclaims, " O for a continuance of that sweetness which I at times feel a taste of, raising my affections towards that which is good."
He adopted, with great decision, the principles in ^which he had been educated, but without bitterness against other divisions of the family of Christ. The
6 REGARD FOR MINISTERS. [1790.
ministers among the Friends endeared themselves much to him, not only by their public addresses, which he states were often accompanied with "a divine sweetness," but by taking the opportunity of conversing with him when they visited his parents.
" Advised by John Pemberton to be faithful in small things." " R. Jones and C. Hustler carne to see my father, and had religious service in the family. R. J. advised me, at parting, to be very careful what com pany I kept, and added, that if I kept the truth, the truth would keep me." "James Thornton remarked, in one of his religious communications, that every act of obedience to the Divine requiring brings strength ; and every act of disobedience, weakness." Of "a youths' quarterly meeting" at which James Thornton and John Pemberton were present, he says, " I do be lieve that the presence of the Lord overshadowed us. John Pemberton came to see us after meeting. I greatly enjoyed his company, having a savour of good upon my mind, attained at the above-mentioned meet ing. How much more pleasant is a review of the time spent in such society as his, than in that passed in the company of persons who have no sense of religion." It is a pretty sure omen of future great ness when a youth of scientific mind voluntarily pre fers the society of spiritual guides, to that of those who, however learned, have no piety ; and places the salvation of the soul above the fondest pursuits of literature.
Two little incidents, pleasantly related, show how strong a hold religious influence had on his heart, and how the perseverance which afterwards signalized the
1790.] INCIDENTS OP YOUTH. 7
man, began to develope itself in a comparatively small matter. He states : —
" G. Dillwyn was at our meeting this afternoon, and towards the close spoke in ministry ; chiefly address ing the poor in spirit, yet aptly observing, that there were some people who were poor, and yet would neither work nor beg ; ' such/ he said, ' were a burden to the community.' O ! thought I, had I but a house to entertain thee, how gladly would I do it; but it seemed retorted upon me, 'Thou hast a tabernacle capable of receiving his master, why dost thou keep him out?'"
The other is the following : —
" When I reflect upon the tyranny and oppression exercised by my countrymen towards the poor Afri cans, and the many thousands yearly murdered in the disgraceful Slave-Trade, I can but be a zealous op- poser of slavery; and, indeed, I have been so for a long time, as far as lay in my power — yet one step farther may be taken by me, which is wanting to complete my testimony in this respect, and which, if universally adopted, would inevitably put a stop to this enormous evil, and that is, disusing those com modities procured by the labor of slaves. And as sugar is undoubtedly one of the chief, I resolve, through Divine assistance, to persevere in the disuse of it until the Slave-Trade shall be abolished."
To this resolution he steadfastly adhered for up wards of forty-three years, until the Abolition Bill passed ; when he again resumed the use of sugar.
Some sentences in his diary show by what moral
8 MORAL PRINCIPLES. [1790,
principles he aimed, as a young man, to guide his life and establish his character.
" Morning. — Very much perplexed with my work ; but resolved to exert myself in it to day, and to report the consequence."
" Evening. — The consequence was, that I got for warder in it than for several days past."
"Beware of a spirit of pride in forming a judgment of things of which, through ignorance, thou art not qualified to judge. In short, it is safer to consider well, and not be hasty in judgment."
" There appears to me such a meanness and low- ness of disposition in those who are cruel to animals, that I think I could not put confidence in them, even in the common concerns of life."
"Too much resented a reproof; a sure sign that I needed it, and had too high an estimation of self."
" Spend no time unprofitably, as thou hast known the want and value of it when it is past recall."
CHAPTER II.
ENTRANCE INTO BUSINESS MARRIAGE, AND DEATH OF
HIS WIFE.
IT was not likely that a youth of \V. Allen's genius, perseverance, and piety, should long escape the obser vation of some scientific mind, who would turn his talents to advantage, and assist him in his future pro gress. As the manufacture of silk was a very profita ble business, Job Allen designed to associate William with himself in carrying it on, but the occupation did not accord with his inclination, and though he was dutiful, diligent, and attentive, his mind was intent upon the pursuits in which he was afterwards pro fessionally engaged. Joseph Gurney Bevan, who had prospered as a chemist, introduced him at the age of about twenty-one, into his establishment at Plough- court, where, under the able supcrintendance of that excellent man, he was soon promoted to a responsible situation. This was a great disappointment to his father; yet seeing the decided bias of his son's mind, he acquiesced in the measure, and ultimately became fully satisfied. By William Allen the step was taken with much thoughtfulness, and prayer for Divine direction, and proved the opening to that career of extensive usefulness which marked his subsequent course.
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10 MINISTERIAL SOLICITUDE. [1793.
• L
A chasm of two years now occurs in his diary, arising doubtless from incessant occupation in his new and important situation. When, however, he resumes the exercise, it appears that he is devoting- himself with commendable zeal, not only to his business, but to the acquisition of chemical, medical, and literary knowledge.
*793 — " I have attended some of Higgins' lectures, learnt something of short-hand and the new system of chemistry, and instituted a plan for my future studies."
In the spring-tide of his energies, it was his singu lar privilege to have Samuel Emlen, a devoted minister of the Society of Friends, to reside six months with him at Ploughcourt, arid though he laments that " at tending to dear Samuel Emlen broke in upon his medical career," yet it is evident the advantages he gained by the judicious advice and pious exhortations of that man of God, in establishing his religious prin ciples and checking the temptations incident to a literary life, more than counterbalanced all his medical losses. And so William thought on reflection. He thus estimates the privilege : " Samuel Emlen has lodged with us during the last half year ; his company and friendly notice have been very reviving and con solatory to me. He spoke as closely to my state as if I had unbosomed myself to him. O the mercy, the condescension of the great Master, to commission his servant to say a word to me, and a word of consola tion too, when I am sensible that I deserve not the least of his mercies, but rather condemnation and reproof."
1795.] CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 11
" Yesterday Samuel Emlen, in his kind solicitude for my best interests, exhorted me to ' dare to do right.' I accompanied him to RatclifT Meeting, and had great satisfaction in it. He preached for a con siderable time, dwelling much on the words, ' My people shall never be ashamed.' After meeting he sweetly desired me to remember this text, and said he did believe that Jesus loved me. I was almost overwhelmed under a humiliating sense of my great unworthiness, yet comforted in the evidence of infinite condescension and love."
In his review of the year 1793, the second he had occupied in his new business and habitation, it is evident that his philosophic studies had been kept subordinate to his eternal interests, and that his piety had advanced rather than receded.
" Much depressed, during part of this year, with doubts and fears whether I was in my right place; but, after a season of great conflict, I was permitted to feel the consolations of the Spirit of God in a manner marvellous to myself: the clouds disappeared — the tempest ceased to assail my habitation, and quietness and confidence possessed my soul. For this, and for other touches of his love, vouchsafed to me, who am so unworthy, I hope to be ever grateful."
After attending several meetings of the Chemical Society at Guy's Hospital, on the 3d of April, 1795, he was elected a member, and contributed much to its usefulness. In the same year Mr. Bevan resigned the business at Plough-court wholly to Willkdn and another gentleman, with whom he entered into partnership. 1 1 is engagements had therefore become more respon-
12 INDEFATIGABLE INDUSTRY. [1796.
sible, and having in addition opened a laboratory at Plaistow, his time was more than ever occupied. For several months his diary is neglected, but it reopens with this memorandum on the date of July 3, 1795 ' " Entered physician's pupil at Thomas' Hospital." In October he was elected a member of the Physical Society at Guy's Hospital, where he practiced among the patients with encouraging success. This is one of his characteristic records : " Went to the hospital — received the thanks of a poor sick patient, which did me more good than a guinea fee."
The year 1796 he commenced with the following noble resolution, to the carrying out of which his sub sequent conduct bore ample evidence : " Resolved to endeavor by all means to acquire more firmness of character, and more indifference to what even my nearest frtends may think of me, in the pursuit of what I believe to be right — to do nothing to be seen of men — to avoid every species of craft or dissimulation — to spend more time in my own room, in reading and retirement."
The day did not yield sufficient time for the various duties in which his ardent mind was engaged, and therefore we have several notices in January of his sitting up all night, making experiments and prepar ing for lectures. The date is not recorded when he delivered his first lecture, but on the 28th January, being then only twenty-six years of age, he writes : — " Gave my second lecture this evening on attraction." These fectures were generally delivered to scientific and learned audiences, and required a great amount of preparation.
1706.] GLOOMY TIMES. 13
It was at this time lie united with other young men to form a philosophical society, called the " Askesian Society," which, as its name imports, was intended by its members to improve themselves mutually by philo sophical exercises. The objects were to elucidate by experiment, either facts generally understood, or to examine and repeat any novel discoveries. The meet ings were held twice every month, at Plough-court, during the winter season. Each member, in turn, was expected to produce a paper for reading and discussion, upon some subject of scientific (not literary) inquiry; and many of these papers were afterwards published in TillocJis Philosophical Magazine. Amongst the early members were William Allen, William Phillips, Luke Howard, Joseph Fox, Henry Lawson, Arthur Arch, W. H. Pepys, and Samuel Woods, the last of whom was President. Astley Cooper, Dr. Babington, A. Tilloch, Joseph Woods, jun., and several others afterwards joined the society, which continued for twenty years, and fully answered its original objects, in exciting and maintaining the desire for knowledge, and the habits of inquiry and accurate investigation.
Nor must we forget the times in which all this was achieved. War was raging over the continent of Europe — the French were pushing their conquests everywhere. Holland was at that time in their hands, and their antipathy to the rising power of England alarmingly great; consequently bread rose to one shilling and three half-pence per quartern loaf, and all kinds of provision became enormously dear, so that commerce was crippled, and increasing risks demanded double care. William Allen saw the danger, but thus
1-4 GLOOMY TIMES. [1796.
sustains his mind and braces his energies : — " The aspect of times is very gloomy, and the risk I run in business great. I can hardly look forward with the expectation of anything but difficulty and danger. I believe I may say, that I never doubted, but have full confidence in the sufficiency of Divine power. ' What shall harm you if ye be followers of that which is good ? ' The lines of Thomson seem a peculiarly appropriate motto for me, under present circumstan ces : —
" ' Like Cato, firm ; like Aristides, just ; Like rigid Cincinnatus, nobly poor.' "
Yet, in the midst of overwhelming engagements, Mr. Allen could find time and inclination for courting. His affections had for some time been fixed on Mary Hamilton, the excellent daughter of John and Eliza beth Hamilton of Redruth, and he had been accepted by her as a suitor. But as " the course of true love never did run smooth," we are not surprised at finding such a record in his diary, as, " Disappointed in my expectations of a letter from my dear M. H. this morn ing. Very low to-day, and oppressed with a variety of concerns." His philosophy, however, helped him over his difficulty, and with attempted composure he proceeds : — " S. W. called on me. I told him I was low and overdone. He put me in mind of the answer of the famous De Witt to a query, how he got through so much business in a day ? ' By doing one thing at once, and having finished it, proceeding in like manner to another.' I do think that I should get on with much less embarrassment, if I arranged my matters in the morning, and plodded through them oiu by one,
1796.] His MARRIAGE. 15
keeping my whole attention fixed to that with which I am occupied at the time." True, that is an excel lent maxim for ordinary affairs, but it is very difficult for a lover who has been disappointed in a letter from his lady, to keep his whole attention fixed on his busi ness. And so William Allen with all his philosophy found it.
His affection was repaid by the consummation of his desires on the I3th of November, 1796. His notice of this important act of his life, shows with what right- heartednesa and piety he entered upon the new relation of husband; — " Our marriage was celebrated this day at Tottenham Meeting. Dear Thomas Scattergood was there, and seemed commissioned to hold out the language of encouragement, to us particularly, in an extraordinary manner. It was a time never to be for gotten; and he hinted that it might be encouragingly adverted to hereafter, in low seasons. My mind was unusually humbled and tendered. My precious Mary seemed equally sensible, that it might emphatically be termed ' a good day.' "
With a loving heart and a mind tending to depres sion, few men were more fitted to value and enjoy the society and converse of an affectionate and intelligent wife, such as it was his happiness to have gained; and those who knew him at that period state that his bliss six-mod to overflow. His own statement confirms their report: — "My dearest companion is, next to Divine consolation, the greatest comfort I enjoy." But alas ! the fleeting character of all sublunary bless- was soon manifest. He was not long permitted to po.ssess th-j (K light and solace of this precious
16 DEATH OF HIS WIFE. [1797.
treasure. On the 6th of September, 1797, she gave birth to a daughter; and on the I ith, four days only after her accouchement, her spirit was summoned to put on immortality. From the testimonies of her friends, for some time previous her mind had been preparing for the summons, and as the event ap proached, had enjoyed increased communion with her Lord. She literally fell asleep in Jesus; and her blessed and happy spirit, freed from the tabernacle of the flesh, saw Him whom she loved more clearly, and walked with Him more uninterruptedly in the upper sanctuary.
It will easily be believed that Mr. Allen truly describes his own feelings when he states that his " tortured heart felt, as it were, the extremity of grief' All that kindness and sympathy could impart, were poured into his spirit by his attached friends; but though " Joseph G. Bevan possessed the faculty of sympathy in an eminent degree ;" and, " Mary Stacy was made a minister of consolation indeed " — none but those who have been called to pass through such scenes, can imagine or comprehend the disappoint ment, loss, want, loneliness, and sorrow, which such a bereavement creates. His touching references to her, and his own feelings under the stroke, can scarcely be read without deep emotion, which shows with how much they were written:
" O how I loved her — how we loved each other ! I paid some attention to business to-day; but how heavily it went on ! The long line of years which I may probably have to traverse, presents a gloomy prospect, and I fear lest I should be drawn aside from
1797.] REFLECTIONS ON 111 I. l.VKM. 17
what I sec and believe to be right, and so the design of the Almighty, in administering this truly bitter cup, be, with regard to me, frustrated. After dinner, my clear mother and I were alone, and I opened my mind to her, stating my great fears about myself; but she comforted me with the assurance, that it was sealed upon her mind that this affliction was sent to bring me nearer to the source of good. My spirit was much humbled, and more serene during the rest of the day. I have thought that when the glory which shall be revealed is tasted, the greatest affliction we can suffer below, will, in comparison, appear trifling. O my soul! under all thy tribulations, constantly keep in view, that in that city towards which thou wishest to direct thy course, all tears shall be for ever wiped away, and that there thy dearest Mary is a joyful inhabitant."
His rides and drives had lost much oi their interest from the want of one who participated in the pleasure.
" When I see a fine prospect, it often occurs, what interest I should have taken in showing it to her. What sublime pleasure is received by reflection from another, — that is, in the sense of making another happy."
" This road brings the idea of my precious, my most endeared companion, strongly before me. How often have we, in sweet harmony, travelled it together ! How my soul was united to her.
" ' And is it then to live when such friends part ? 'Tis the survivor dies.'
" I hope I do not repine, though my trial is exceed ingly great."
18 PIOUS RESOLUTION. [1797.
His child was spared, and her presence sometimes mitigated his sorrows; but his feelings were often overpowered with the sight of this pledge of their love. " I could not bear to nurse her long — O ! I thought, how we should have enjoyed her together. It is a sweet infant ; I am afraid of getting too much attached to it ; but if any accident befal it, my suffer ings would be intense."
Though his health suffered, and his spirits were distressingly depressed, the sanctified use of this trial was granted to him in answer to prayer, and was doubtless one of the mysterious preparations of the Great Master for the honor which He intended to put upon His afflicted servant. How beautiful is the fol lowing record, written in one of these seasons of deep depression and discouragement:
" My resolution has been, that if I perish, it shall be at the footstool of my God, though I have been at times afraid to call Him so, or to use the term Father. In the afternoon, I had a relieving opportunity with my dear mother, who comforted me much. Sitting quietly by the fire, and endeavoring to direct my mind towards the source of all good, I was favored to feel a little calm, and was sensible of a degree of Divine support. It will be well for me often to retire to wait upon the Lord, that my spiritual strength may be renewed. And O ! saith my soul, may I never love anything more than Him, but be favored to keep everything in subordination, yea, under my feet. O that I may be now wholly devoted to Him and His cause, being careful for nothing, but how to fill up my duty from time to time."
1797.] SUSTAINING CONSOLATIONS. 19
It often occurs, that persons whose piety is ardent, and whose constitution tends to despondency, are favored above others with corresponding joys ; and Mr. Allen experienced that, if his affliction pressed heavily upon his sensitive mind, God favored him occasionally with remarkable visions of His glory. At times, he seems taken to the Mount of Transfigura tion, to see the glory and grace of his Saviour, and at others to Mount Nebo to view the promised land, not as Moses did, without the prospect of entering it, but as his own inheritance, to which he was hastening. Hear him describe one of these morning visions :
" I seemed to have somewhat of a sight and feeling of the disposition which prevailed in heaven : such a unity — such a lamb-like spirit — such a profound peace ; no jar, no contention, nothing wrathful there ! Such dispositions appeared diametrically opposite to those which prevailed in the kingdom of God I saw that the world could not comprehend this state, and strong were my desires that I might be kept out of its parties, its noises, and its bustles, and be even esteemed a fool for Christ's sake. It was indeed a memorable time, and my heart overflowed."
CHAPTER III.
HIS PARTNERSHIP AND EXTENDED LABORS.
As might have been safely predicted, the diligence and intelligence which William Allen evinced, was rewarded by a widely extended business. At the close of the year 1797, the claims of the laboratory, and the important concerns at Plough-court, had become so weighty and responsible, that it was found necessary to make fresh arrangements for carrying them on with greater efficiency, and a new partner ship was formed between Luke Howard and William Allen, under the firm of Allen and Howard. This left him a little more at liberty with respect to his business ; but it will be subsequently seen that his time was improved by innumerable public engage ments for useful objects, and almost incredible labors.
Jane Hamilton, the sister of his wife, resided with him, taking charge of his little one, and superintend ing his domestic concerns. Among other plans for sustaining the life of godliness, and soothing his mind, it was her usual practice to read to him after supper, when he could lay aside his cares and per plexities, and listen to the narration of the labors, experience, and sufferings of the early members of his religious Society. From the time he commenced housekeeping, he was daily in the practice of assem-
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1797.] FAMILY RELIGION. 21
bling his household for the purpose of reading a portion of Holy Scripture, after which, according to the practice of Friends, a silent pause 'ensued, " for recollectedness of mind, and lifting up the heart to God." All his servants were watched over with parental care, their master giving each, when needed, reproof, counsel, and encouragement, with much feel ing and tenderness. Men whose time are much occupied oft find excuses for the neglect of family religion, and the parental care of the spiritual state of their dependents, but with Mr. Allen it was as conscientiously performed as any engagement in business, and one about which he frequently scrutin ized himself.
" Examine more narrowly whether thou art per forming thy duty to every branch of this family." "Strong desires arc at this time raised, that I may be favored to conduct myself in such a manner as to be a good example to the dear young peopb under my care. My prayers are often put up for them in secret, as well as for myself."
The privations and distress of the poor, from 1799 to 1802, were most deplorable. In addition to the sad consequences of war with France, the summers and autumns of the two last-mentioned years were ( xtremely wet, and deficient harvests caused bread to rise to one shilling and fivepcncc-halfpcnny per quartern loaf, and beef to one shilling per Ib. Other provisions were necessarily exorbitantly dear, and many of the poor barely existed. The attention of two Friends, William Allen and William Phillips, was specially directed to the means of affording them
22 SOUP SCHEME. [1797.
relief, and a meeting was called at the house of the latter, to form a society for supplying the poor with soup and meat at one penny per quart. Such a society could now be easily formed, but it was then entirely novel, and created much discussion both as to its propriety and advantages, among otherwise benevolent persons, and it was with some anxiety the founders entered on their operations. However, a subscription was immediately commenced, and in the course of a few days, a committee was formed, sub committees were appointed, and by a division of labor, the society was quickly organized. Eligible premises were procured in Bricklanc, Spitalfields, soon adapted for the purpose, and tickets printed and issued to the subscribers. On the first day of delivery the visitors attended under no small anxiety as to the result of their experiment It succeeded, however, to their utmost wish — the applicants paid the penny per quart with cheerfulness, and carried home a supply of food which they could not have prepared of equal quality themselves for four or five times that sum. At first the applicants were served with soup every day ; but the distress being very great, the numbers increased so rapidly, that the committee were obliged to adopt the plan of distributing it only every other day to the same person. There were five boilers in the soup- house, capable of making from three thousand to three thousand f three hundred quarts, which were daily distributed to above one thousand persons, their money taken and their tickets marked, in less than two hours and a quarter. The effort cost about one hundred and fifty pounds per week ; which was pro-
1799.] STUDIES PROSECUTED.
vidcd for by liberal contributions from various classes, including public companies. Into this scheme Wil liam Allen threw all his heart. He thus writes : —
"The soup scheme absorbed a large portion of time last week. At the committee, I proposed a plan of keeping a book, and making domiciliary visits to the cases, but was negatived on account of the trouble. I felt rather hurt on the occasion, one of my opponents having expressed triumph; but I was principally grieved on account of being disappointed in the attempt to carry the plan to the greatest perfection of which it is capable. O, that self were more reduced ! it is this which gives us pain on contradiction. More comforted in my vesper than I expected."
The next day he writes : " My irritation on the soup business subsided, and I acknowledged myself wrong, in pressing too earnestly what I yet conceive to be an excellent measure. Act steadily to one point, viz., thy duty, and neither seek the favor nor fear the frowns of man."
Again: "Soup committee not over till past nine, and a trying one ; I gave way too much to the spirit of debate, and hurt myself by it, as I felt uncomfort able in settling accounts with myself at night."
" 2Sth. — I went round among the applicants for soup — visited fourteen — many of them wretchedly miserable; and I am now firmly of the opinion that the soup has saved the lives of many."
During the period which it is intended this chapter should survey, he prosecuted his studies in chemistry, natural philosophy, medical science, mathematics and botany, with surprising ardor and perseverance. A
24 CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS. [1800.
slight sketch only of his operations can be given, but that will suffice to show how intent he was on both getting good and doing good. He attended almost daily the lectures of the principal men of his time, and took very minute notes of them. Chemistry, as a science, was but beginning to attract attention, and though many of the experiments then made are now common to every well-educated person, they were then discoveries, and were as attractive to polite and learned assemblies as more recent discoveries are still. At those experiments Mr. Allen and his friend Pepys, whose assistance he frequently acknowledges, con stantly labored. Take a few of his notes for the year 1797:-
" I am making great progress in chemical experi ments — fused platina with oxygen on charcoal." " Resolved to study pharmacy, regularly making all the experiments one by one — two or three experi ments in a week." " Entered perpetual pupil at Cooper's lectures at the Hospital."
" Freezing experiments with W. H. Pepys ; we at tempted to freeze fifty-six pounds of quicksilver. I am not sure it was all solid, though some present seemed to think it was."
" Entered perpetual pupil to Haighton's Physiology. After his lecture went to Cooper's — Wounds of Arter ies — extremely overdone."
The review of a week is thus cfiven : —
o
"Study was suspended by a press of business; at tended, however, four Anatomical Lectures, — two Surgery, there being no more this week, — one Physi-
1800.] EXPERIMENT ON KKSI'IUATION. 25
ology, prevented attending both by a sale, and the Physical Society at Guy's."
A later week gives the following attendance of lectures: —
"Anatomy, six lectures; Physiology, two; Surgi cal, three; Chronic Diseases, one. Assisted in form ing the British Mineralogical Society."
The next year, 1800, found him equally indefatiga ble. Of his studies he says : " A grand object with me is to perfect myself in the study of medicine, also in Latin." In reference to his attendance at the 1 1 1 >spital, he writes : " Copied out cases, and attended more to my mind than I have ever done before."
Many experiments were carried on at Plough- court, not only for his own improvement, but for Dr. I ortlyce and others, and so'mc of them, as the follow ing, rather unpleasant and dangerous.
"27111. — Experiments on respiration. — Present, Ast- ley Cooper, Dr. Bradley, Allen of Edinburgh, the two Lausons and J. Eox. We all breathed the ga.seous oxide of azote. It took a surprising effect on me, abolishing completely at first all sensation; then I had the idea of being carried violently up ward in a dark cavern, with only a few glimmering lights. The company said my eyes were fixed, face purple, veins in the forehead very large, apoplectic stertor, etc. They were all much alarmed, but I suffered no pain, and in a short time came to myself."
As his talents became known, increasing demands were made upon his time and attention. Both for eigners and his own countrymen referred to him for
26 ASKESIAN SOCIETY. [1801.
chemical analysis, and solicited him to perform ex periments which required great skill and accuracy. Plough-court became distinguished as an excellent repository for chemical re-agents, a subject to which he had turned his attention with peculiar success. Professor Pictet, of Geneva, obtained from him a valuable selection, and thus writes to him from Paris : — " My charming collection of chemical re agents was exhibited lately to the National Institute here, and the chemical members took great 'notice of it."
As if he had not enough to engage his attention, he proposed, at the close of 1801, to deliver gratui tously a course of lectures at Plough-court to the members of the Askesian Society, with other friends who were invited to attend. These lectures became so popular, and the audiences so increased, that it was with difficulty they could crowd into the room On December 3d, he writes : —
" At seven o'clock I gave my first lecture on chem istry. Dr. Rolph, Astley Cooper, Dr. Bradley, T. Poole, etc., etc., attended; there were about sixty present in all. I got through beyond my expecta tions, but I was very low about it before I began."
The lecturer introduced his subject with a very modest exordium, and then stated : —
" From my professional engagements I have neces sarily a large quantity of mechanical apparatus ; this, in the absence of more important subjects, I purpose gradually to bring forward in our meetings, and en deavor to give,*during the present session, as complete
1801.] LECTURES AT GUY*S HOSPITAL. 27
an idea of the Theory and Practice of Mechanics, as my ability and the limits of our time will allow."
Notwithstanding these labors, he always had some French work on hand, and usually read a portion of it every day. He had also made considerable pro gress in German, and devoted some time to drawing, for both of which he had masters, though German gave way a little to business and lectures. Notices several times occur of visits to persons who claimed the exercise of his medical skill, and his aid on such occasions was highly beneficial.
Such was his popularity as a lecturer, that " Dr. Babington called to offer him a partnership in his lectures on chemistry at Guy's Hospital." He had great diffidence and fear about acceding to the pro posal, and it was not till Astley Cooper, Bevan and Joseph Fox united their entreaties that he would ac cept this lucrative appointment. After a week's con sideration he says, " I went to Dr. Babington's, and agreed upon giving lectures jointly with him at Guy's Hospital. We appointed to meet again to arrange our plans." And this is his account of his first lecture : —
" Rose early — getting ready for experiments at the Hospital — I felt distressingly low and anxious — gave my first lecture there, at which Drs. Babington and Curry were present, and Astley Cooper came in. I got through much to my satisfaction, and apparently to that of the class. It began and ended with loud plaudits."
In the following month he states : —
" Dr. Babington called for me, and I went with him
28 PROMOTES VACCINATION. [1803.
to his lecture on the physical properties of water — made the experiment of composing water for him at the lecture, the globe being previously filled with oxygen. It succeeded capitally."
On another occasion at his lecture he remarks, — " W. H. Pepys rendered me most essential service. I had a tight job to get ready — began a little after eight — a crowded theatre, 128 at least — showed the luminous experiments — all seemed highly delighted." At the commencement of another course the audience received him with loud plaudits, which were again re peated at the close of the lecture, and to his anxious and fearful mind these public tokens of continued ap probation were as he states "very encouraging."
Towards the conclusion of the year he was " much occupied in endeavoring to establish an institution for cow-pox inoculation," and labored incessantly with Drs. Lettsom, Bradley, Pole, and others, till that noble institution was in full operation. How much we are indebted to him and to his noble band of fellow-labor ers, for their efforts to introduce a remedy for that awful disease the small-pox, by which the " human face divine " is freed from the scars which so commonly disfigured it in his day, can be duly understood only by those who lived at that period.
Humphrey Davy, then a rising man in chemical science, and whose lectures to the Royal Institution were the most popular of his times, appreciated the talents of William Allen, and was very anxious to secure them for the more brilliant assemblies he was in the habit of addressing. His disinterested regard
1804.1 LECTURES AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. 29
for him will be seen by the following letter, which the board of managers requested him to send ; —
" DEAR ALLEN,
" Our managers have formed a plan of instituting different lectures on parts of Natural Philosophy in the next season. The terms will be liberal. Would you like to deliver, in the theatre of the Institution, the course on Natural Philosophy that you have given at Guy's ? Think about it, and let me know what your feelings are. I should have called on you, but I have been ill, and am not yet well. I go out of town to morrow. I am, dear Allen, with very great regard, yours,
" H. DAVY."
Drs. Babington, of London, and Dalton of Man chester, Ilatchett, Barnard, and Oriel, strongly advised him to take part in the lectures, and overruled his scruples by assurances of his success ; but it was not till four months after the invitation was sent that he could be prevailed on to accept it. On the 24th of January, 1 804, he writes : —
" Set off between eleven and twelve for the Royal Institution, to give my first lecture — introductory and the general properties of matter. Felt much in pre senting myself before such an audience, but got on exceedingly well; Ilatchett and Sullivan came to me after the lecture." Barnard and Davy sent me con gratulatory notes. Before the first course was con- cludrd, the managers cntreatrd him to give another course in the spring of the following year. It may
30 SPECIMEN OF LECTURE. [1804.
be pleasing to the reader to have a specimen of the sound sense and practical truth which the lecturer was in the habit of delivering to the fashionable audi ences of the Royal Institution, when " Albemarle Street was crowded with carriages." He thus con cludes his first course : —
" In this general outline of some of the departments of natural knowledge, we have abundant opportunity to remark the traces of a wisdom past human com prehension, in the wonderful adjustment of all the parts of creation. How exactly are the moving powers balanced among each other ! — how admirable the order which results from their equilibrium ! The agency of the supreme intelligence is everywhere displayed, in characters so strong, that he who runs may read. Those who have most closely exercised their faculties in exploring these magnificent works, see the least occasion for exaltation, — the least incitement to pride; while they who know a little, but are ignorant how much remains to be known, are puffed up with imagin ary consequence, and deserve our pity.
" We see that, in the works of nature, there is ample scope for the exercise of our rational faculties ; and limited as these faculties are, they are strengthened by use, and worthily employed when we endeavor to acquaint ourselves with as much of the wonders of creation as its great Author has permitted us to com prehend. As we proceed, new discoveries reward our search, — the sources of intellectual enjoyment pour an increasing stream of satisfaction upon the delighted mind; while sensual gratifications, perishable like their objects, tend only to enervate the soul, and sink us
1804.] SPECIMEN OF LECTURE. 31
far below the level of that high station which man is called to fill in the scale of created beings. The pur suits of science, properly conducted, tend to enlarge our views, to banish narrow prejudices, to increase our love of truth and order, and give tone and vigor to the mind.
" Not more distant is heaven from earth, than false philosophy from the true. A set of wild and extrava gant notions is not philosophy, though in a neighbor ing country they have been dignified with the name. Those pretended philosophers have gloried in denying the fairest deductions from reason, — the most obvious truths; but the direful consequences of this perversion of intellect will long afford an awful and instructive lesson to mankind.
" True philosophy is nothing more than real wisdom : the proper application of our faculties directed solely to the discovery of truth, which brings beauty, order, and excellence ; harmonizes the minds of its votaries ; teaches them to set a proper value on all the produc tions of the Creator, and leads them to feel even for the least of his animate beings. These will not put one of his sensitive creatures to unnecessary pain, and. rising from the simple polype and the worm to their fellow-men, will be anxious to employ their knowledge in diffusing comforts, in diminishing the misery which many have brought upon themselves; and, on the broad scale of universal benevolence, will imitate, as far as in their power, Him who is constantly diffusing good. These are the dispositions of the true philoso pher — this is the temper of heaven.
" In such an agr as the present, it may be deemed
32 ADDRESS TO MEDICAL STUDENTS [1804.
superfluous to urge the accumulated evidence we now possess in favor of the fundamental truths we most surely believe ; but on the juvenile part of the com munity, who are now forming their opinions, and beginning to reason for themselves, I wish to impress this important consequence, deducible from the sub jects which have passed in review before us, that in all the great powers of nature we observe such marks of contrivance, such adaptation of cause to effect, and the whole executed by means so sublimely simple, that we cannot avoid concluding with Archdeacon Paley, such designs must have had a designer, and that de- signer must be God !"
At the conclusion of his course of lectures at Guy's Hospital, the following most admirable and appropri ate remarks were addressed to the medical students :
" As this appears to be the last opportunity I shall have of addressing many of you collectively, permit me, before we separate, to offer a few remarks for your consideration.
" Several of you having now finished the course of your studies in this place, are about to enter upon the wide theatre of the world. The profession which you have assumed, is, in itself, one of the most respectable of which man is capable. Having carefully studied the nature of our frame, you have undertaken to soften the miseries to which it is liable. May you, though in an inferior degree, endeavor to imitate the great example of Him, who went about doing good, healing all manner of diseases ! In a world so full of woe, to
1804.] AT GUY'S HOSPITAL. 33
a noble and generous mind, the opportunity of smooth ing the brow of care, and drying up the tears of sorrow, are the most gratifying offices which it is called upon to fulfil. Upon you will the anxious eye of the mater nal head of a family be fixed, in all the anguish of grief, while the support of herself and helpless infants is stretched upon the bed of languishing; and if poverty be added to her affliction, I trust you will rise nobly superior to sordid views, and find your richest recompense in the approbation of your own minds — in the sweet satisfaction of attempting, at least, to diminish the weight of that misery, which, perhaps, from the nature of things, you cannot wholly remove.
" If gentleness of manners and polite behavior be esteemed ornamental in society at large, it is more indispensably requisite in the medical character. It is natural for the human mind to associate with this character the idea of power, and what can be more soothing to those under affliction than to meet with power and benevolence combined in the medical man ?
" I am aware that, in the line of your profession, you will be sometimes placed in difficult and delicate circumstances; but never, I entreat you, sacrifice your sense of propriety, your feelings of the eternal obliga tion of right and wrong, that on which your present and future peace of mind depends, to any prospect of sinister advantage. Consider only what it is your duty to do, and leave the consequences to Him who never fails to approve every honest endeavor to per form it. So will you, in your different circumstances, be the instruments of most extensive good. You will
34 LECTURES FOR ONE SEASON. [1804.
be a blessing to your country, and honored by those whose good opinion is of value."
What a contrast does this sterling common sense, and elevating doctrine, present to the irreligious senti ments and questionable morality which many lecturers, to gain the applause of the gay and thoughtless, scatter like firebrands, arrows and death, among the students. Happy the lecturer who dares to mingle religious truth with scientific knowledge; and thrice happy those students who welcome it with applause, and adopt it in their practice !
The following note shows his labors at the Royal Institution and the Hospital for one season : " Lectures given this season. — Hospital, first course, 46 ; second course, Chemistry, 26; ditto, Natural Philosophy, 15 ; Reyal Institution, 21 ; total, 108."
Resolutions formed this year, show the reason why he had so much time at his disposal, and why he could undertake such multifarious duties ; and, if adopted generally, most persons would find they could accomplish much more than they now believe possible.
" Resolved, — before I enter upon a subject, to spend a few minutes in endeavoring to abstract my mind from all other objects but that immediately before me, to take ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, every morning, to consider what may be my duty for the day ; to fix my plan, adhere to it strictly, and endeavor to dismiss all further anxiety. Occupy every spare minute for ' standing jobs,' not infringing upon the fixed time for certain things. Much time is lost in desultory indecision ; when this comes on, catch up
1804.] BOTANICAL RESEARCHES. 35
the first thing that comes to hand of those that must be done."
In the midst of these incessant labors he found time for higher studies. Most of his excursions in the country were made subservient to botanical researches, which combined the pursuit of health with increasing knowledge. Thus he states :
"We had a coach for the day; and S. Wood, J. Woods, Golding, Barker, Middleton, and I, went to Harrow to breakfast. We then set ofT on foot, to Morpeth Field after the frittillaria, but our search was in vain : we however got the helleborus viridis, a scarce plant in these parts, and the ophioglossum, also the vinca minor, etc. We dined at the King's Head, Harrow, and set off home at six."
About this period he attended a series of conver saziones at Dr. Babington's, where Count Bournon gave instruction in mineralogy, particularly crystal lography. A journey into Cornwall afterwards afforded him an opportunity of pursuing this study under very favorable circumstances, and of exploring some of the rich treasures of that county in their native state. He describes his descent into the copper mine of Dolcoath, situated a few miles from Redruth, with Thomas Cock, a young man from Plough-court, who accompanied him in his journey, and two intelligent miners:
" I found the descent more easy and safe than I had imagined. The opening of the shaft was about five feet square, in which a perpendicular ladder about five or six fathoms was fixed against one side. After descending several of these ladders, some longer, some shorter, we came to a convenient place to sit
36 DESCENDS A COPPER MINE. [1804.
down. The whole depth is cut out of solid rock, mostly killas, and here and there, at different depths, there are long horizontal passages about four feet high, and two or three feet broad, which form a communi cation with different shafts, many of which have been worked for ore. At twenty-five fathoms we came to the adit, which is a long passage carrying water out to the lowest level of the valley. At sixty fathoms there was a spacious place, formerly containing an immense quantity of ore ; you see the bare rock from whence it was cut, to a considerable height, and in the midst of this cavity there was a vertical division of rock about three or four feet thick, which had com pletely divided the lode, and is called a horse. To this place we kept pretty dry, but afterwards were much wetted with the dripping of water; we descended by a series of ladders, to the bottom of all, or sump, 184 fathoms, or uoo feet from grass. Here the men were working the copper ore, with iron instruments, at one end like a pickaxe, and the other like a hammer. Thomas and I borrowed their tools, and knocked off some pieces which we carried away as trophies. Hav ing brought down a thermometer, I took the tempera ture of a stream of water running to the sump, and found it 80° of Fahrenheit, the air was 77°. I had previously observed the temperature aboveground^ which was 64°, this probably arose from the action of sulphur and iron, or sulphur and copper in contact with water. Almost all the sides of the shafts hitherto seemed large blocks of killas, but where the water had washed the bottom of the sump, a fine white quartz
1804.] ASCENT OF THE MINE. 37
with ore in it. We were in a profuse perspiration, even when sitting ; it was a complete warm bath."
They found the ascent very fatiguing, but arriving at the long level, he remarks : " We went along a narrow passage, cut out of solid rock, I think a full quarter of a mile. We were obliged to stoop, and in some places crawl. The place was dripping wet, and, at times, we were considerably above the ankle in mud. It felt very hot, and respiration was not free. I took the temperature, which was 73° in water, 75° out. The main lode runs nearly east and west, and under lays south about fifteen inches in a fathom. We now returned to the shaft, and mounted to day. I never was in such a mess in my life. Felt a sensible enjoy ment in washing tubs, with warm water. We had just been four hours underground.
" There are six steam engines worked upon this mine. Most of the large mines of Cornwall are now so deep, that they must have been stopped long ago if the steam engine had not been applied; yet this noble invention had, at first, many prejudices to sur mount."
This journey afforded a fund of interest to his in quiring mind; and the kindness of his friends greatly enriched his mineralogical and botanical specimens.
In the course of 1805, he visited Cambridge. Wil- bcrforce having furnished him with a letter of intro duction to Professor Parish, he saw the university and its professors to great advantage. To show the esteem in which he was held, it is necessary only to quote an entry of his diary:
88 FIRE AT PLOUGH-COURT. [1805.
" Dined with Professor Parish, and met Stephen's wife, who is the sister of Wilberforce, and her son.
" Breakfasted with Professor Hailstone at Trinity College, then went with him and Professor Parish to see the Woodwardian collection of fossils : dined at the public table, Trinity, with Davis, the Vice-Master. Hailstone, Porson, etc. : spent the afternoon very agreeably with many of them.
" The Vice-Master is a very good botanist, and showed me his hortus-siccus, which is in excellent preservation : took tea with him, and supped at Pro fessor Parish's."
Soon after his return home, a fire happened at Plough-court, which threatened the destruction of the premises. It was occasioned by the breaking of a bottle of strong nitrous acid, the fumes of which ren dered it very difficult to approach the place with water ; great exertions were, however, used, and with the assist ance of many friends, together with the fire engines, it was subdued in about two hours. The combustible substances near it greatly increased the danger, about which he remarks :
" When I consider the nature of the accident, our escape seems little short of a miracle. If it had hap pened in the night, there appears no probability that our lives would have been saved. About nine o'clock it was got under, and I trust I may say providentially, though I felt myself unworthy of such a favor."
Nothing is more remarkable than Mr. Allen's regu lar and systematic attention to the care of his soul in the midst of all that was calculated to draw him aside from heavenly things. The claims of his business, the
1798.] FERVENT PIETY. 39
time and mental perseverance necessary for his lec tures, his frequent analyses, his acquisition of languages and elegant literature, his attention to the formation and working of institutions for the temporal and eter nal advantage of his fellow-creatures, would, in the opinion of many, have been a sufficient excuse for non-attention to piety. But the same spirit of perse vering devotcdness to the cultivation of heavenly principles marks his busiest and most honored seasons. When the world begins to flatter, it makes the position of him who receives the applause very slippery; and without double care he slides into a vortex of pleasure and wealth, which drowns men in destruction and perdition. From this Mr. Allen was graciously pre served by the use of those sanctified weapons, the word of God and prayer; the one guiding his steps through labyrinths of evil, the other securing to him a companionship and fellowship superior to all that the circles of literature or science could furnish.
Extracts from his diary might be greatly multiplied, but a few will show how conscientiously he walked with God :
" ijyS. — Many persons are sec-king after //'///// in natural science, but how few in spiritual things ! The reason probably is, that when found in the former, it exalts the creature, but when discovered in the latter, it lays him low. It may not, perhaps, chime in with his particular notions, and it certainly will not with his irregular desires."
" Oppressed with discourse on politics. I wish dear was more redeemed from it. O, how infinitely
40 EXTRACTS SHOWING HIS [1799.
superior is the kingdom of the Lamb to the kingdom of this world !"
"The language ran through my mind, 'The Lord hath forsaken me, my God hath forgotten me,' yet I resolved to hope on. My faith and patience are much tried, the reflection that on this day twelve months I was made desolate, tends to keep me very low. O, this affliction — how it shakes me ! "
" Defended Revelation and Christianity, in a small paper to be published in the MontJily Magazine"
" Very low and poor, with a few exceptions. I think I am, nevertheless, sometimes favored in my nightly petitions, and can at times say, * Lord, thou knowest that I love thee !' O, for preservation from the spirit of the world ! I am certainly a very poor, weak creature, much wanting in firmness and strength of mind, vain, abounding in self-love and very indolent."
" I dare not ask for riches, they have been the bane of thousands ; but I have earnestly desired to be placed in such circumstances, as that no revolution of this uncertain scene might disable me from paying every one his own — this would indeed be terrible."
T799- — " H I am Preserved from falling a victim to the world, its knowledge, its honors, and its friend ships, I shall be inclined to consider it a miracle of mercy. O, that my feet were permanently fixed on the sure foundation, even Jesus Christ!"
" My mind was sensible of the presence of good, this morning, before I arose ; renewed my covenant. O, how I pant for a state of greater enlargement ! My soul longs for a little of that liberty enjoyed by the children of God!"
1804.] FERVENT PIETY. 41
" 1800. — I find self very strong, manifesting itself in a disposition to speak freely, and enlarge upon what may tend to exalt it. A degree of self-abhorrence in the retrospect. O, that my efforts might be solely directed to the investigation of /;-/////, both in the moral and the natural world ! O Thou, who art the source of perfection, favor me with a little of thy all-sufficient help ! for without thee I am worse than weak."
" Read the Scriptures to good satisfaction ; there is no book like them."
1802. — " I have seen the beauty, and long to attain to that heavenly disposition of mind, that seeks con stantly to render those around us happy. May I be favored to guard against peevishness, even when just cause, or what appears so, is given, and also to strive against foolish lightness."
i8oj. — " I took the chair at Guy's Hospital as President, for the first time, and was favored to keep my place as a member of our Society. For this I felt thankful. What is the smile and applause of the world, compared with one beam from thy counte nance, O my God."
1803. — My mind rather more staid towards the close of the week. The purity of the Christian religion requires that we should constantly labor to render even all our thoughts acceptable to the Supreme Being; and if this were the case, our deeds would be more likely to bear the light. This is, indeed, a great attainment, but ought to be aimed at."
1804.—" My soul longs for more of the sensible feeling of the Divine Master's countenance and sup port, that so, I may hold on my way with firmness,
42 HIS PUBLIC DEVOTEDNESS. [1804.
and not only experience preservation myself, but be useful in my day, to excite others to attend to their best interest."
These extracts refer to his private walk with God, but more remarkable was his public devotedness. No pressure of engagements was suffered to interrupt his regular attendance on meetings for worship in the middle of the week, or the Lord's Day. " Made tem porals give way to spirituals," was his motto, to which through life he adhered. Nor did he shrink from the most active services to benefit the religious society to which he belonged. At the age of twenty-nine, he says, " I was appointed a correspondent member of the meeting for sufferings for Derbyshire and Notting hamshire. I felt afraid to refuse, lest I should be doing wrong." In the following year, when the enmity of the mob was particularly levelled at Friends, who, as many of them were corn factors, were most unjustly charged with being the cause of the high price of bread, he was one of a committee to draw up a paper on the subject for the, public, but it chiefly devolved on himself. When the clerk of the Monthly Meeting resigned, he was chosen. " I forebore to refuse on principle, being afraid of doing wrong, but my natural disposition would have been gratified by a strenuous opposition to the appointment."
Of a meeting attended by Friends from several counties, deputed to assist in revising the Book of Extracts, he writes : —
" Meeting at ten — felt comforted in sitting with Friends; amidst all my trials, weaknesses, and imper fections, I am encouraged by my feelings in attending
1805.] LABORS AMONG FRIENDS. 43
in my place on this occasion, and a hope is raised that this sacrifice of time will not be suffered to operate materially to my disadvantage."
What that sacrifice of time was, the following mem orandum will show:
" The sittings of the committee closed on Seventh- day morning, after having continued more thr.n three weeks ; I have not missed one of them, thor.gh such close application is rather trying, and I have often attended under heavy depression. Some were seasons of comfort and refreshment, wherein my hope and con fidence were strengthened. Saved about twelve hours this week by early rising."
May not the low state of piety among many profes sors of religion be attributed in a great degree to their utter disregard of the ordinances of God on other days besides the Sabbath ? The world has no check — the family witnesses no devotedness except attendance on the Sabbath, and is it any wonder that the junior mem bers of the household should seek for other pleasures than those of God's house, which they are never taught to prize? To Mr. Allen, the counteracting influence of this public devotedness to God's cause was most beneficial. I Ic was repaid by ministerial visits of great worth, which kept alive the great principles of godli ness, and restrained the influence of flattery and worldly honor. He notes : —
" Dear Mary Stacey felt a draught in her mind yes terday to call in and hand me the word of exhortation, viz., to be on my guard against the poison of the world's flattery and applause. She also reminded me that we were favored with good in proportion to the solicitude
44 DEATH OF HIS FATHER. [1800.
with which we seek it. Remember this, O, my soul ! I believe M. S. to be a dear servant of the Lord." " E. Fry kindly warned me about philosophy, etc., expres sing a hope that it might not injure me in the best sense, and divert me from service in the Society."
Besides his personal diligence, it pleased God to train his servant for devotedness and usefulness, by repeated afflictions, which were abundantly sanctified. In the year 1800 he lost his father; his description of his sickness and death, is very touching :
" My dear father expressed his belief that he should not recover, saying, that he had for some time felt as if he were drawing to a close. He was resigned to the Divine will, and hoped that, if it pleased the Al mighty to take him, it would be in ' the accepted time.' He acknowledged that he had been blessed in his children. All my tenderness and affection for him seemed to be stirred up. Though in deep distress, I have, at times, some feeling of my heavenly Father's love. These touches, however slight, and like the crumbs that fall from the table, are received with eager thankfulness, and just serve to keep me alive. Verily, mine is the cup of bitterness ! Sanctify it, O Lord ! I beseech thee that all this suffering may not be in vain ! if thou but smilest on my closing moments, all my afflictions will be for ever, forgotten, and my wearied soul shall find rest in thee."
" I sat by him, with my arm round his head, until half- past four o'clock in the morning, when he expired without sigh or groan. My dear mother bore it much better than I expected ; my poor mind was exceedingly agitated, and I was engaged in mental supplication.
1801.] DEATH ()!•' IMS BROTHER. 45
After we had given some vent to our sorrow, we sat down together in silence in the parlor, and I was favored with a little of the light of the Lord's counte nance, which, to his poor dependent creatures, is indeed a great mercy. O, here is the anchor in all our afflic tions."
In the succeeding year, he again drank of the cup of sorrow, by the death of his endeared younger brother.
" The decease of my dear brother Jonathan took place on First-day morning, after a trying illness of two weeks. The social band is broken in upon — there are few families in which fraternal love is stronger than in ours, and this visitation shakes me to the centre. On behalf of the dear deceased, there is no cause to mourn. He had a sort of foretaste of the joys about to be revealed, and longed to be released. He went off about eight o'clock in the morning, aged twenty- four. My dear brother possessed a remarkably sweet, amiable disposition, and was very forbearing.
" The interment took place on the 8th, at the Bury- ing-ground, Whitechapel. The goodness of God to wards us was felt in an inexpressible manner as we stood round the grave, giving us a taste of that pro found peace and harmony which our clearly beloved brother is now in the full fruition of. When our Di vine Master condescends to manifest himself by the breaking of bread to our hungry souls, then all doubts vanish, and we are ready to exclaim, ' Now we believe, for we have heard him ourselves, and knois, that this is indeed the Christ, tlu- Saviour of the world ! ' May I never forget the sensations 1 then expenVm v<l !
46 JONATHAN MIDDLETON DROWNED. [1803.
How strong ! how clear ! how sweet the evidence that the immortal spirit was in everlasting bliss ! and oh, how condescending in our blessed Lord, thus to favor his unworthy creatures ! May we feel ourselves more and more bound to him in a covenant never to be broken ! "
Two years afterwards he thus records another afflic tive dispensation, in the sudden death of a faithful servant :
" I gave Jonathan Middleton and Thomas Smith, (two of the young men at Plough-court) leave to go to the marriage of John Grubb and Sarah Lynes, at Brentford; they were returning by Kew and Rich mond, and at the latter place poor Jonathan was drowned. The dreadful news reached me while at tea. My kind friend Joseph Woods, jun., accompanied me in a chaise, and we got into Richmond about eight. As soon as the chaise door was opened, I asked the name of the young man, and was answered that Smith was alive; the conclusion was obvious, and, although I summoned up all my resolution, my legs trembled under me as I went into the house; I was conducted up-stairs, where I found T. Smith stretched on a bed, nearly in a state of delirium, and two men holding his arms. I entreated him to endeavor to command him self. His reply was in a mournful voice, ' Poor Jona than's gone ! Poor Jonathan's gone ! I could not save him/ This was almost too much for my feelings, and I thought it would be better on his account to leave him, and send for the medical men who had attended at the time. Having got poor Thomas Smith into the chaise, we reached town a little before eleven.
1803.] TESTIMONY ( I- I! l:i MASTER. 47
Through the whole of this trying business, my mind experienced a degree of precious support, which I record with thankfulness, and pray that it may be con tinued through all those afflictions which may yet fall to my lot.
" With respect to dear Jonathan, there is no cause for regret on his account ; I believe that his immortal spirit has entered into the joy of his Lord. During all the years he has been with me, I never remember to have heard an unguarded expression fall from his lips ; he was a pattern of strict integrity, and a bright example to the family. My loss is great; he loved me with the affection of a child, and mine to him was reciprocal ; he had the care of all my little matters, and was worthy of the unbounded confidence I placed in him — my companion, my friend, more than a ser vant, a brother beloved ! but may I feel ability to say, ' Thy will, O Lord, be done ! ' "
Happy is that child of God who can receive strokes from the Divine hand in a similar spirit !
CHAPTER IV.
SECOND MARRIAGE ANTI-SLAVERY AND EDUCATIONAL
EFFORTS.
AFTER continuing about eight years and a half a widower, Mr. Allen again entered the marriage state with Miss Charlotte Hanbury, of Stoke Newington, a lady whose piety and good sense had greatly endeared her to his affectionate spirit. The marriage took place at Devonshire-house Meeting, on the 22d of April, 1 806, and is thus briefly referred to in his diary : —
" Fourth Month 26th. — This week has been a most important one, having entered into the solemn cove nant of marriage with my endeared friend Charlotte Hanbury, under, I trust, a precious degree of evidence of Divine approbation. May I be enabled to fill up the measure of those duties which now devolve upon me ! "
His wife's sister, Anna Hanbury, resided with them, and contributed much to the comfort both of his child and himself. He had taken a house at Stoke Newing ton, between which and the house in Plough-court the time of the happy family was now divided.
From his earliest days, William Allen had taken the deepest interest in the emancipation of the slave. When about twenty years of age, he thus powerfully argues the injustice and immorality of slavery. The
(48)
1806.] ANTI-SLAVKRY EFFORTS. 49
Christianity of the argument is as beautiful as it is unanswerable : —
" I think it may be safely asserted, and clearly proved, that those who enslave men, or are accessory to it, are neither moralists nor Christians ; for we know, in the first place, that to drag innocent people from their near and dear connections, and from their native land, to consign them to slavery, to wear out their lives in continual hardships, is unjust; and all this injustice has been fully proved upon the enslavers of men; consequently they are unjust, and, if unjust, of course immoral.
"In the next place, we know that none can be Christians but such as are followers of Christ; and none can be followers of Christ without observing his precepts, especially the fundamental ones; but the enslavers of men act directly contrary to the precepts of Christ, for our Lord says, 'Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.' Now, when the advocates of slavery can reconcile this with the murdering of one hundred and fifty thousand of our fellow creatures annually, then we will allow that they are Christians indeed; but if they cannot, as it is impossible, let them join with the friends of hu manity, let them rank with the followers of Ckrist, and abandon a traffic so utterly inconsistent with the high profession they are making, and so offensive to the common Father of mankind; for surely the blood of the innocents has been found upon our nation, and that not by secret search."
The intimacy between Mr. Clarkson and Mr. Allen commenced in the year 1794, from which period they
50 DEBATE ON THE SLAVE TRADE. [1791.
labored together for Africa; but, in Parliament, the first effective efforts for the suppression of the slave- trade had been made by Wilberforce, who was nobly supported by Pitt and Fox, in the year 1791 — Mr. Allen determined to be present, and hear the debate, which he graphically describes :—
" Wilberforce rose, and in an able speech, of nearly four hours, exposed the horrid traffic in its native de formity, and showed, with undeniable clearness, that its abolition, t so far from injuring our West India Islands, would, if adopted, be the means of improving them. He concluded with moving for leave to bring in a bill for the abolition of the trade.
" In the beginning of Wilberforce's speech, Tarleton took a sheet of paper and a pen, with the intention to damp Wilberforce, which Pitt perceiving, took pen and paper also, to keep him in countenance ; but the good man seemed firm as a rock, and not to be baffled by Tarleton. Wilberforce sat on the Treasury bench, next to W. Pitt, who gave Wilberforce every little assistance in his power with his papers ; and I observed once in particular, when Wilberforce had drawn a strong inference, that Pitt held up his hands in admi ration.
"•Although he was but poorly the day before, yet he exerted his voice in an astonishing manner, speak ing with great emphasis, and shining brighter and brighter after an hour than at first, and his voice, so far from failing him, strengthened as he went on.
" Col. Tarleton, in a speech of about forty minutes, endeavored to defend this infernal business ; yet I do not remember that he refuted, or attempted to refute,
1806.] THE CAUSE DEFEATED. 51
one argument of the preceding speaker. In one part of his speech, pointing across the table to Wilberforce and others, he said, * The inspiration began upon that side of the house ; ' then, turning round, ' the revela tion has extended also to this, and reached to the height of fanaticism and frenzy.' So it seems, in his estimation, that inspiration is fanaticism, and revelation frenzy. I hear this man boasts, that he has killed more men with his own hand than any man in England. The words of Blair seem peculiarly applicable to him —
" ' Behold the sturdy man-destroying villain ! ' '
After several other members had spoken for and against the abolition, Fox moved, and Pitt seconded, the adjournment of the debate to the following day. The debate was conducted with consummate ability on the second night, in which Pitt seemed to excel all his former efforts ; but the West India influence prevailed, and the slave-trade advocates obtained a short-lived victory. How deeply Mr. Allen sympa thized with the Abolitionists, and felt this defeat, will be best recorded in his own words :
" 2O///. — This morning I went to know the fate of the business ; yet, as I approached the house of my friend, my heart palpitated, and I was almost afraid to knock at the door. Upon entering, I saw him in the passage. * Ah, William !' said he, ' we are beat — beat all to pieces; almost two to one against us.'
"The intelligence struck me to the heart; I wac seized with tremor all over, but endeavored to conceal my emotion, ami inquired after particulars. He assured me that the most astonishing abilities had
52 FIRST COMMITTEE ON ABOLITION. [1806.
been exerted on behalf of the abolition ; that he had never heard anything like it in his life ; that while Pitt was speaking, he remarked to some one near him, that in comparison to such a man they seemed a race of inferior beings."
" W. Wilberforce made a short reply; and at half- past three o'clock the House began to divide : — Noes, 163; Ayes, 88; Majority, 75. Oh! scandalous deci sion ' O most disgraceful vote ! After the matter had been so fully stated — after the impolicy and infer nal cruelty of the trade had been proved so far, I think, as demonstration could carry them; yet the British legislature refuse to remedy it."
The names of the little band of laborers who first formed themselves into a Committee to promote the great work of abolition, deserve to be had in everlast ing remembrance — they were William Dillwyn, George Harrison, Samuel Hoare, Thomas Knowles, M.D., John Lloyd, and Joseph Woods. Their first meeting was held in 1783. The mode they pursued was en lightening the public mind, and some of their efforts proved highly useful. In 1787 a society was formed upon a more extended scale, when the names of Gran- ville Sharpc, Thomas Clarkson, and afterwards W. Allen and several others,, were added to the Com mittee.
In this Committee he ardently labored, and in as short a time as could be expected, considering the mighty influence brought to bear against the slave, his heart's desire was accomplished. On the nth of June, 1806, Fox moved a resolution, — That the Slave- trade is inhuman, unjust, impolitic, and ought to be
1807.] SLAVE TRADE ABOLISHKD. 53
abolished, and that the House would take speedy and effectual means for that purpose, — which was carried by one hundred and fourteen, to fifteen. This was followed up by a motion to address the king to correspond with foreign powers in amity with this country, to act in concert with us in this good work.
On the loth February, 1807, he records: "The abominable slave trade is falling at last. The bill for its extermination passed the second reading in the House of Lords. For it, one hundred; against it, thirty-six ; majority, sixty-four ! A glorious triumph ! It was soon committed, and the blanks filled up with ist of First Month, 1808, but no more ships to be fitted out after Fifth month next. O Lord, bless the supporters of this righteous cause!"
" j./tft. — The young men from my house came home from the House of Commons this morning, at five o'clock, and brought the glorious news that the bill for the abolition of the slave-trade passed the second reading by two hundred and eighty-three; against it, sixteen : ! ! Majority, two hundred and sixty-seven."
On the 25th of March the royal assent was given to the bill, and for the honor of England it became the law of the land.
In the following month we find him becoming one of the directors of a society, formed greatly through his influence, for the civilization of Africa, called the "African Institution." At the meeting held at Free masons' Hall for the formation of the society, the Duke of Gloucester accepted the office of President. Wilberforce, Lord Spencer, Roscoe, of Liverpool, Owen, Chaplain to the Bishop of London, William
54 AFRICAN INSTITUTION FORMED. [1807.
Smith, and several bishops \vcrc present, and admira bly enforced the claims of the degraded Africans. The prominent object of this society was to protect the Africans from a clandestine slave-trade. It also aimed to promote the sale of their produce, to elevate them by education, and to sympathise generally with them as members of the same human family. Cir cumstances forbade the extensive accomplishment of all these objects, but a large amount of interest on their behalf was excited by the publications and efforts of this noble band of devoted men. Much as Mr. Allen's time was occupied by public objects, he gave a considerable portion to this society. His house was the receptacle of the African, and of all who befriended him, and never does he seem happier, or his talents to be more satisfactorily employed, than when pleading with princes and nobles, and otherwise laboring for their behalf.
Arrangements had for some time been in progress for separating the concerns at Plough-court, from the laboratory which had been removed to Stratford; William Allen proposing to take the establishment at Plough-court, and Luke Howard the laboratory. On the 1 8th of July, 1807, they signed the dissolution of partnership. But there was no dissolution of friend ship between these estimable men. Howard accom panied him and his family, a month or two afterwards, in a tour to the lakes of Cumberland and Westmore land, and always maintained an ardent attachment to William Allen.
On his return he commenced his winter campaign in experiments and lectures with renewed ardor. One
1807.] ELECTED FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 55
of his first efforts was at a private meeting at Free masons' Tavern, with Davy, Dr. Babington, and nine others, to institute a Geological Society which remains to this day. The result of the valuable researches made by himself and his friend, W. H. Pepys, on car bon and carbonic acid, were printed in the Royal Society's transactions, and elicited much interest in the scientific world. He remarks :
" I understand from Davy that the council of the Royal Society would have voted the gold medal for our paper on carbonic acid, had only one person been the author, but they did not know how to manage it with two. It is however satisfactory to find that they thought it deserved one."
The Society soon after elected Mr. Allen a Fellow, Sir Evcrard Home introducing him and acting as master of the ceremonies on the occasion. He had the pleasure also to see his friend Pepys elected a Fellow a few months afterwards, to give him his vote, and to go and tell him of his joy.
Although Mr. Allen expresses himself in raptures at tin: discoveries of Davy, lectures for him when ill, and holds him forth most justly as a great leader in chemical science, yet the plain Quaker is sometimes found in very favorable collision with his superior. As for instance :
" Experiment with W. H. Pepys suspended on account of my cough and the Yearly Meeting, but I have made considerable progress with my fair copy of the paper. Pepys and I went up to Davy with it on Seventh-day ; he finds it hard work to give up his favorite idea of the absorption of azote ; he however
56 LETTERS FROM HIS MOTHER. [1808.
seems, though reluctantly, to yield to the evidence of our experiments ; this is quite as much as we could expect, seeing it overturns almost all his experiments on this subject."
By his incessant labors his chest became seriously affected, and for a time arrested his progress.
" Fifth Month. — Very low and poor this week — but little feeling of good. May not the cause be a too great absorption of the mind in outward things? I have, perhaps, been too anxious about our experiment and paper for the Royal Society. I have, however, met with a strong check from the indisposition of my lungs, which renders it imprudent to proceed at pre sent."
His devoted mother, tenderly concerned lest his love of science and pursuit of knowledge should lead him away from objects of higher importance, took advantage of the pause which his illness occasioned, to address to him the following unWorldly and admir able counsels : —
" Thy talents, my beloved child, if rightly directed, would tend to spread heavenly knowledge, and to ex tend the government of the Prince of Peace. Oh ! how I long that the Most High would anoint and appoint dedicated sons to turn the attention of men to their greatest good, and arouse them from their beds of ease before the solemn sound goes forth, 'Time shall be no longer.' — If one soul is of more value than a world, how does it behoove those to whom the two or more talents are entrusted, to occupy them in this great work. He, who has loved thee from thy earliest youth, has called thee to love him above all, to dedi-
1808.] LETTERS FROM HIS MOTHER. 57
catc thyself to him, to surrender thy all to him, to be made use of as he shall direct. The reins of govern ment should not be in thy hands, but in his, to turn \hecinto the path he may in future appoint, and out of what thou, as a man, wouldst have chosen for thyself. Ah ! my dear, it is not the strength of natural affection which leads me to say thou wast not intended to spend all thy time in earthly pursuits, but through submis sion to the operation of that Power which creates anew, thou art designed to lead the minds of others both by example and precept, from earth to heaven. I believe it may be said of thee as was said to Peter, ' Satan hath desired to have thee that he may sift thee as wheat,' but I humbly hope that the same Advocate will plead for thee, that, ' thy faith fail not: " On another occasion, she writes : — " I entreat thee again to consider the necessity of setting thyself more at liberty in the future. Thou art too much absorbed in study, my beloved child, for however innocent it may be, yet, like the doves in the temple, it fills up a place in the temple of thy heart, which ought to be otherwise occupied, and dedicated unto the Lord, in whose hands thou wouldst become an instrument to promote the knowledge of pure Christianity. Come, my beloved, if a right hand or a right eye be called for, give it up— the Lord loves a cheerful giver, and he will restore thee an hundred fold."
At the close of the year 1809, she again addresses him in a similar straiu : —
" Now, my dearly beloved, suffer thy tender mother to throw before thee the wish of her soul, that thou
58 SKETCH OF LANCASTER'S [1808.
mayst surrender up all that does not tend to promote the coming of thy Heavenly Father's kingdom in thy heart, and his will being done by thee on earth, as it is done in heaven ; thou wilt, I believe, if faithful, hear the voice of the Lord saying, ' Who will go for us ? ' And O, mayst thou be so unloosed from earthly con cerns as that this ready humble language may be thine, — " Here I am, Lord, send me.' "
During the year 1808, Mr. Allen became acquainted with Joseph Lancaster. He was born in Kent Street, Southwark, of pious parents, in the year 1778. By their instructions he became deeply impressed with the value of religion. His enthusiastic and somewhat original character soon developed itself. Having been an assistant at both a boarding and a day-school, he became thoroughly acquainted with the defects of the old system of education. At eighteen years of age, he commenced teaching on his own account, in a shed on his father's premises. He thus describes his operations : —
" My father gave the school-room rent free, and, after fitting up the forms and desks myself, I had the pleasure, before I was eighteen, of having near ninety children under instruction, many of whom I educated free of expense. As the number of scholars continued to increase, I soon had occasion to rent larger premises.
"A season of scarcity brought the wants of poor families closely under my notice ; at this time a num ber of very liberal persons enabled me to feed the hungry children. In the course of this happy exer tion, I became intimately acquainted with the state of
1808.] FIRST EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS. 59
many industrious poor families, whose necessities had prevented the payment of the small price of their children's tuition, some of whom had accumulated arrears for many weeks. In every such case I remitted the arrears, and continued the children's instruction free of expense.
"The state of the poor, combined with the feelings of my mind, had now blended the pay-school with a free-school. Two benevolent private friends had 1>< •• n in the habit of paying for five or six poor children at the low price I had fixed as the assize of education or mental bread for my neighborhood. I easily induced these friends to place the money they gave, as pay, in the form of a subscription."
( )n the outside of his school-room he placed the following printed notice: — "All that will, may send their children and have them educated freely; and those that do not wish to have education for nothing, may pay for it if they please."
This general invitation brought many more than his room would hold, but God raised him up friends, who erected for him rooms capable of holding 1000 chil dren. He says : —
" The second building I owe to the benevolence of the Duke of Bedford and Lord Somerville, who ap peared to be sent by Providence to open wide before me the portals of usefulness for the good of the poor. The children now came in for education like flocks of .sheep, and the number so greatly increased, as to place me in that state which is the mother of inven tion. The old place of education in which I had been hitherto conversant, was daily proved inadequate to
60 ALLEN VISITS HIS SCHOOLS. [1808.
the purposes of instruction on a large scale. In every respect I had to explore a new and untrodden path."
The system of instruction pursued by Lancaster, combined scriptural and conprehensive principles with simplicity and economy, features which strongly com mended it to the mind of Mr. Allen. His first visit to the school must be given in his own words : —
" I can never forget the impression which the scene made upon me. Here I beheld a thousand children collected from the streets, where they were learning nothing but mischief, one bad boy corrupting another, all reduced to the most perfect order, training to habits of subordination and usefulness, and learning the great truths of the gospel from the Bible. The feelings of the spectator while contemplating the results which might take place in this country, and the world in general, by the extension of the system thus brought, into practice by this meritorious young man, were overpowering, and found vent in tears of joy."
The public soon pronounced its encomium on Lan caster's system. The school-room was visited, he tells us, "by foreign princes, ambassadors, peers, com moners, ladies of distinction, bishops and archbishops." He lectured in the numerous towns, and everywhere received the plaudits of crowded assemblies. His various school-books, statements and defences of his system were eagerly purchased, passing rapidly through several editions. George III gave him an interview at Weymouth, which is thus described : —
" On entering the royal presence, the king said, ' Lancaster, I have sent for you to give me an account of your system of education which I hear has met
1808.] LANCASTER WITH GEORGE III. 61
with opposition. One master teach five hundred children at the same time ! How do you keep them in order, Lancaster ? ' Lancaster replied, ' Please thy majesty, by the same principle thy majesty's army is kept in order — by the word of command.' His majesty replied, 'Good, good; it does not require an aged general to give the command; one of younger years can do it.' Lancaster observed that in his schools the teaching branch was performed by youths, who acted as monitors. The king assented, and said, ' Good.' Lancaster then described his system, to which they all paid great attention, and were highly delighted ; and as soon as he had finished, his majesty said, ' Lancaster, I highly approve of your system, and it is my wish that every poor child in my dominions should be taught to read the Bible ; I will do anything you wish to promote this object.'
" ' Please thy majesty,' said Lancaster, ' if the sys tem meets thy approbation, I can go through the country and lecture on it, and have no doubt but, in a few months, I shall be able to give thy majesty an account where ten thousand poor children arc being educated, and some of my youths instructing them.' His majesty immediately replied, ' Lancaster, I will subscribe ^IOO annually; and,' addressing the queen, 'you shall subscribe ^50, Charlotte; and the prin cesses £25 each ;' and then added, 'Lancaster, you may have the money directly.' Lancaster observed, ' Please thy majesty, that will be setting thy nobles a good example.' The royal party appeared to smile at this rvation ; but the queen observed to his majesty, 'How cruel it is that enemies should be found whu
ii- LANCASTER'S DIFFICULTIES. [1808.
endeavor to hinder his progress in so good a work.' To which the king replied, ' Charlotte, a good man seeks his reward in the world to come.' Joseph then withdrew."
Large subscriptions poured in upon him from all quarters ; but, unaccustomed to the use of money, and naturally enthusiastic, imaginative, and extravagant, he soon became involved in great pecuniary difficulties, writs were out against him, and his creditors were clamorous. Yet Divine Providence raised up friends to assist him in his extremity, and had he been blessed with prudence to adhere to their counsel, would have- saved himself and those interested in his welfare a vast amount of labor and sorrow.
Among those who succored him, the principal was Joseph Fox, a surgeon and dentist of Lombard Street, a man abounding in the best feelings of the human heart, and at the same time possessing undaunted courage and perseverance in every good work. Another was William Corston, a straw-hat manufacturer on Ludgate Hill, who had been his friend in the still earlier periods of his work. Fox, it is believed was an Inde pendent, Corston a Moravian, but both one in Christ Tesus in spirit and effort.
The first interview Mr. Fox had with Lancaster was at Corston's house, on Ludgate Hill, which is beauti fully described by Corston : —
"After dinner, our first subject was the debt. ' Well, Joseph,' said Mr. Fox, ' what do you owe now ? Do you owe a thousand pounds ? ' He only replied, ' Yes.' After a little time, he asked, ' Do you owe two thou sand pounds ? ' A significant pause ensued. Joseph
1808.] INTERVIEW WITH FOX AND CORSTON. 63
again replied, 'Yes.' The third time he inquired, with increased earnestness, affectionately tapping him on the shoulder, ' Do you owe three thousand pounds ? ' Joseph burst into tears. 'You must ask William Corston/ said he. ' He knows better what I owe than I do myself/ Mr. Fox then, rising from his seat, and addressing me, solemnly said, 'Sir, I am come to London to see the devil in his worst shape ; tell me what he owes.' 'Why, Sir/ I replied, 'it is nearer four thousand than three/ He returned to his chair, and seemed for some time to be absorbed in prayer; not a word passed from either of us. Mr. Fox at length rose, and, addressing me, said, ' Sir, I can do it with your assistance/ I replied, ' I know, Sir, that God has sent you to help us ; and all that I can do is at your command/ He rejoined, ' I can only at pres ent lay my hand upon two thousand pounds. Will you accept all the bills I draw upon you ? and every one shall have twenty shillings in the pound, and interest if they require it/ I replied, ' I will/ We then all instantly rose, and embraced each other like children, shedding tears of affection and joy. 'The cause is saved ! ' exclaimed Mr. Fox. I replied, 'Yes : and a threefold cord is not easily broken/ Thus, through the gracious and almighty hand of Him, who prospers His own cause, and makes it to triumph over all its enemies and obstacles — thus was the foundation laid for the maintenance of an institution, which was destined to confer the blessing of Christian education upon millions and millions of mankind.
" \Ve immediately, and with ivmuvd i-iu-rgy, pro ceeded with the work. Two days after, the bills,
64 SCHOOL COMMITTEE FORMED. [1808.
forty-four in number, were drawn, accepted, and given to the creditors ; and, with gratitude to the Divine goodness, it may be added, that they were all honored as they became due.
" Soon after this we were joined by several valuable friends; and on March I, 1808, a committee was formed, consisting of the following persons : —
" THOMAS STURGE, WILLIAM ALLEN,
WILLIAM CORSTON, JOHN JACKSON, JOSEPH Fox, JOSEPH FOSTER."
Thus, with a liberality rarely equalled, Fox sold out two thousand pounds from the funds, arid made himself responsible for four thousand pounds more, in the faith that, when the merits of the system were known, means would be provided for liquidating the debt, and Corston had the courage to accept bills, drawn upon him by Joseph Fox for between three and four thousand pounds, at six, twelve, and eighteen months' date, in favor of all the creditors. God hon ored this work of faith, for loans were obtained, and subscriptions raised, so that every bill was punctually honored.
Beside the immense efforts required to raise funds for the liquidation of the heavy debt with which Lan caster's concerns were encumbered, Mr. Allen under took to prepare a regular set of books, and to enter the accounts, which, from their complicated nature, was no easy task. In writing to Joseph Foster, he le- marks : —
" I have been laboring as hard as ever I did in my own concerns in unravelling matters, and I have the
1808.] MK. ALI.l N'S sriIOOL LABORS. 65
satisfaction to inform thcethat our waste-book, journal, and ledger, are all posted up as far as the materials permitted. I have raised between fifty and sixty heads in the ledger, which, I believe, will include all our present subjects." For many years, he recorded all the minutes of the committee with his own hand; and he observes, — " This engagement has taken great hold of me, for I have distinctly seen the importance of its bearings."
In the course of their investigations they found a considerable debt owing to a baker for bread ; and when some of the examiners expressed their surprise at his having given so large a credit, he replied,— " The good which Mr. Lancaster has done to the poor of this neighborhood is such, that as long as I have a loaf left I will give the half of it to enable him to continue such beneficial exertions."
Notwithstanding the disinterested kindness of these noble minded men, Joseph Lancaster evinced no small apprehension respecting the interference of the com mittee, which Mr. Allen, in the spirit of a Christian, thus attempted to subdue : —
" Be assured, my dear friend, that neither myself nor any of the committee wish to interfere further than appears absolutely necessary for the attainment <>f the object thou art so laudably pursuing. We desire, as much as the nature of the concern will admit, to labor with and for thee, in private. We entered into it merely from a sense of its importance, and to assist a meritorious individual, and not from an)- little feeling of vanity, in being known to patronize a work of general utility. I believe thou wilt always
66 DISINTERESTED KINDNESS. [1808.
find us superior to feelings of this kind— and, indeed, if we IKK! possessed them, they would not have been a sufficient inducement to undertake such a load as this is.
" As the money will be advanced in confidence in the care of the committee, we feel strongly bound to keep regular accounts; but we must depend upon thee for the items, as without them everything will be in utter confusion, and we shall be quite discouraged. I am sure thou wilt see and feel the importance of it as the work advances, and also be quite convinced that our wish for the minute details of expenditure does not arise from the slightest suspicion of thy honor and integrity, but solely from our experience in matters of business, and knowledge of the world, convincing us of the vast importance of clear and correct accounts."
Three years after the formation of this committee, Lancaster, in a report which he published, acknowl edged the disinterested kindness and labors of his friends. Happy had it been for him had he continued in the same grateful temper : —
" Into the hands of a few friends, now constituted my trustees, I have committed my financial concerns for the last three years ; and during that time they have conducted all my affairs with the greatest good to the poor, by enabling me to spread the knowledge and practice of the plan in the country. By superin tending my financial concerns, public and private, in my absence, with liberal sacrifices of time and atten tion, as well as advances of money, everything is now happily brought to that state rf maturity, which will
1808.] APPOINTED TREASURER. 67
lead to the hope of public support to a system, which has already spread in part over the land, and may yet make a more extensive progress. And, however in adequate I may be to express my gratitude for the generous and disinterested assistance I have received from them in the maintaining and prosecuting the arduous work in which I have been engaged, I trust that a generous and enlightened British public will grant them that co-operative assistance which the benefits of a national education, and their disinterested philanthropy, so richly merit."
On the formation of a school society, which imme diately succeeded these arrangements, Mr. Allen became treasurer. For several years his advances were frequently very heavy, and were made under circumstances which necessarily involved risk of loss; but his devotion to the object, his anxious desire for the improvement of the laboring classes of society, and his unshaken belief that the divine blessing rested on the work, enabled him cheerfully to sustain a burden which would otherwise have been insupport able. In his arduous labors, the hearty co-operation of his dear and valued friend Joseph Foster, of Brom- Iry, upon whom, for a long series of years, a large share of the weight of this institution devolved, was a great encouragement to him, and strong were the ties of friendship which ever after unite'd these truly benevolent and excellent men.
During these engrossing labors he sustained with his usual energy his scientific pursuits. ] f e opened a correspondence with the eminent geologist De 1 on the connection between galvanism and electricity,
68 GALVANIC EXPERIMENTS. [1808.
and conducted experiments with unsparing industry. The following are specimens : —
"Eighth Month 2ist. — After breakfast, Children, Davy, Pepys, and I, began our experiments on Chil dren's great battery. Fused a foot and a half of pla- tina wire, one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, red hot, and ignited three feet of thinner wire. The plates were two feet by four, and twenty pairs. Char coal burnt with a bright light like the sun, iron wire was not melted, except short lengths : this Children very properly attributed to the oxide instantaneously formed, and which is a non-conductor; it had a greater effect upon thicker wire, no effect upon diamonds, potash, or the gold leaf electrometer, but a couronne des tasses of two hundred half-pint earthenware jugs, with copper and zinc plates about two inches square, connected with lead, decomposed potash, gave strong shocks, and proved that the large plates give quantity, and produce great effect in igniting ; the small plates give intensity, and are most powerful in decomposition. The base of potash evidently blackened diamonds when heated within a plate glass tube. Davy observed that the presence of a very minute proportion of an element in a compound was sufficient to give that compound a totally different appearance ; that metals, and all combustible bodies, had a positive energy, and oxygen a negative energy.'
" Third Month jd. — Experiment with Pepys took up nearly the whole day. A very important and interesting one with a guinea pig, which breathed for an hour in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The only effect it appeared to produce, was to make
1809.] ELECTRICAL KITE. 69
him sleepy towards the end of the experiment, but he did not seem to suffer in the least. Our apparatus was so contrived, that we could have relieved him whenever he appeared uneasy."
" Eight/i Month I2th. — To Newington by two-o'clock coach. In the afternoon raised the electrical kite,— wind south, weather showery. When the kite was in a clear sky, it gave positive electricity, varying from fifteen to thirty degrees; but a cloud arose, and as it approached the kite, signs of electricity were reduced to o. It became negative under the cloud, then more strongly negative as rain began to fall, and kept increasing till I was almost alarmed, the sparks being very dense, zigzag, and about two inches long ; and this, notwithstanding the insulation was spotted with rain."
During the year 1808, he made further efforts to bring more effectually before the minds of the public, and of men in power, the subject of capital punish ment, and thus describes the auspicious commence ment : —
" Seventh Month ist. — Basil Montague, Thomas Furley and H. M. Foster, R. Phillips, F. Smith, J. G. Bevan, and Luke Howard, dined with me to converse on the subject of our little society — we have now taken a regular form. Its title is, 'A society for diffusing information on the subject of punishment by death.' For the next six months they are to dine at Plough-court on the first Second-day in the month, in order that we may be in time for the publications. B. Montague is to open a communication with Sir
70 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. [1809.
Samuel Romilly, and it appears as if we should go on with spirit."
He did so, and found " Sir Samuel delighted with the idea of having coadjutors in this great cause."
During a meeting of this society at Mr. Allen's house, one of the party maintained that " departure from truth was not only warrantable, but our duty, in certain cases." The good host could not suffer such lax morality to rule his friend's actions, and therefore sent him, in a letter, the following delicate and admir able admonition : —
" I am willing to believe, that the difference of opinion between us, upon the subject of truth, consists more in words than in anything else.
"The question is,-, not whether truth is lovely and of divine origin — not whether our lives should be regulated by it — not whether it be calculated to secure the happiness of mankind. On these points I con ceive there can be no question between us ; but ask me, whether it be allowable to depart from truth, to answer particular purposes, and I shall answer, no. He, who has declared Himself the God of Truth, and that deceit and falsehood are His aversion, can never, in my opinion, have rendered the latter necessary in the intercourse of His creatures. His system, as re vealed in the sacred writings, is complete without it, and as well might we attempt to reconcile light and darkness, as truth and its opposite. We find in the Bible, that one of the recommendations of the Lord's people was, they are ' children who will not lie/ and then follows, ' so He was their Saviour.' I am always alarmed when I see the symptoms of that false philo-
1809.] LETTER ON TRUTH. 71
sophy, (unhappily too much acted upon at the present time) whose avowed maxim is, that 'the end justifies the means : ' think what would become of society, if it were universally adopted, and it certainly is so, in a degree, wherever we set up our limited conceptions of what may be useful, as a sufficient warrant to depart from that line of rectitude pointed out by Infinite Wisdom, for the government of His creatures. In this case there would be no standard of right, and every man would be at liberty to adopt his own. Let
us, dear , earnestly endeavor to render all our
actions acceptable to the Divine Being, and, depend upon it, we shall not go far wrong. We cannot plead ignorance of His will, since, in addition to the sacred writings, He has promised to assist with His Holy Spirit those who humbly apply to Him for aid. With the assistance, then, of Infinite Wisdom, and the pro tection of Infinite Power, what ought we to fear ? "
Acting decidedly for God and truth towards dis cerning minds, will produce more respect than enmity, and so it did in this case. The faithful remonstrance was the means of cementing, rather than dissolving their friendship, as a brief extract from a letter written by the individual reproved, a short time afterwards, will show : —
" I shall ever think of you with the dearest affec tion. Whether our society continue or separate, I trust that, through life, you will think of me, with some of the affection which I feel for you."
CHAPTER V.
LABORS IN VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS — PUBLICATION OF
"THE PHILANTHROPIST."
HE whose joy had been so great at the passing of the Slavetrade Abolition Bill, would watch with a jealous eye any infringement of its wholesome clauses. It was scarcely to be expected that persons, who for many years had engaged in the horrid traffic, and accumulated wealth by its means, would easily relin quish their unjust gains without making some clandestine efforts. An atrocious attempt to evade its penalties was made even in the port of London, which happily reached the ears of Mr. Allen and his friends. A vessel called the Commercio dc Rio, three hundred and sixty tons burden, was fitted out by a Portuguese house in London, to engage in this abominable traffic; its proceedings were narrowly watched for some time, and when the proofs became sufficiently strong an in formation was laid, and the vessel seized in consequence: on board were found ninety-three pairs of handcuffs, one hundred and ninety seven iron shackles for the feet, several hundred-weights of iron chain, and fifty- five dozen of padlocks, together with mess-kits, and a large store of those provisions which are usually des tined for the miserable inhabitants of these horrid dungeons; the main-deck gratings were concealed by
(72)
1810.] SLAVE VESSEL CONDEMNED. 73
a slight covering, which to the eye appeared like a common deck, but so contrived as to be easily removed when the vessel got to sea ; she was in other respects fitted up as a slave-ship, and capable of carrying from six to eight hundred slaves. Great precautions were taken, and much intrigue employed, to prevent suspi cion and impose upon government. A person high in office, as a Portuguese agent, exerted his influence with the British Cabinet, to palliate this nefarious business, but the vigilance of the friends of humanity, and the laws of our country, detected and punished the attempt. The vessel was valued at twenty thous and pounds ; both that and her cargo were condemned in the Court of Exchequer, and subsequently sold.
Six months afterwards Mr. Allen observes, that "the Commtrcio de Rio being finally condemned, it is thought right that the owners should be prosecuted for the penalties ; and I think it is a very proper measure, for it will not only operate as a peaceful check, but may bring to light some of the hidden things of darkness by the investigations which must take place on a trial."
The African Institution engaged a large portion of his time, and became an object of great interest to individuals, whose names are familial to us as house hold words, and whose efforts in the cause of freedom have earned them a just fame. The following extract will show how a committee, consisting chiefly of nobles and members of Parliament, wrought on behalf of the slave : —
"African Institution at one. The Duke of Glou cester, as usual, at his post, and manifesting a lively
74 SKETCH or WWL cttFVt& [ l S U .
interest in the important subject under dis^ssion, The old veteran* in the cause* Granville Sharpe* Wil- bcrforce, William Smith, and others w*re present; indeed the majority of the company \vere members cither of one or the other House of Parliament \\llberforce brought forward some very imixM-tant rv*o'u::uv,< tvs-tvvtin^ tho IsLuul of IVinidad. which produced some very judicious observations from Gran- \nlle Sharpe and Brougham, who has Uetn br\>ujjht into Pariian^ent We \\-ere informed that at the taking of Guadeloupe about three hundred black sv^ldiers in the French service were made prisoners, that they were afterwards distributed on board the ship* of the squadron, and sold as prixe goods at Martinique* tor the benefit of the army and navy. The Puke of Gloucester manifested much displeasure at this pro* eeedin£\ and if ministers do not attend to it promptly, William Smith and Brougham are determined to move an inquiry in the House of Commons ; for the French. in their capitulation, had expressly stipulated that the black people in their sen-ice should be considered free men. and be no more reduced to a state of bond-
During the year iSux Paul Cuffee. a man of color. was brought under the notice of the African Institu tion bv Mr* Allen. His arrival in England he regarded as a circumstance of great importance to Africa* as likely to introduce a more extensive system of com merce in that neglected and debased territory* I us interesting history is thus narrated : —
"Tlie father of Paul Cuflee was a natixv of Africa. \\ , - .< taken as a slave to Massachusetts*
*rr TV:.;. '-.T:.'-.-.'- ?&
Like many of his maslijaira be possessed a mind of his
:---. - .-- -.-: !-. - .-: : :- : -.•-.-•
-Paul's fcther died when be was about leaving a considerable property in land, but which,
sion for his mother and her famiry of ten children.
" His enterprising mind was soon dwected to com merce, as be CAM^Citcd that it furnished more ample lewaids to isjiliiilij than agriculture. He therefore, at the age of sixteen, entered as a common hand on board a vessel destined for the Bay of Mexico. After continuing four years in a sabmJsMlfc capacity, be commenced business on Ins own jmiMt He expe- -.'.-.:.'.-::.\-.--':--~i':.- '--'.'-' -".'-'-'-'• ':::.-- by piiates and pillaged of everything, but he seemed to possess tint active tuw igr which is the oflfepring of a mind satisfied of the prat •• jMity of its plans, and consck>us of die power to accomplish its piirpose. His labors were ultinntely crowned with success, and in 1795, he was master of a schooner of sixty nine tonsburden. On his arri\^l at one of the American ports, the pcopis were filed with juluai IBIM irf and alarm ; a vessel, owned and omimiadrd by a black
was unprecedented ; HUpSf^i*** woe iiiirrl, and sev eral persons associated for the purpose of preventing him from registering bis vessel, or remaining among them ; on examination, however, his papers piuvcd to be correct, and therefore the custom-house officers could not legally oppose bis piocccdsig- Paul
76 CUFFEE BECOMES A FRIEND. [1811.
ducted himself with candor, modesty and firmness; his crew also behaved not only inoffensively, but with conciliating propriety. In a few days the inimical association vanished, and the inhabitants treated him and his crew with respect and even kindness.
" Gradually his property increased, and by his in tegrity and consistency of conduct, he gained the esteem and regard of his fellow-citizens. He had a share in two vessels, one a brig called the Traveller, of 162 tons burden, commanded by his nephew, Thomas Wainer, and the ship Alpha, of 268 tons bur den, of which he was the commander; the rest of the crew consisted of seven men of color.
" He had made application to be united with the religious Society of Friends, and was admitted into membership with that body. For several years he had turned his attention to the colony of Sierra Leone, being induced to believe, by his communications from Europe, as well as from other sources, that endeavors to contribute to its welfare, and to promote the best interests of his fellow-men in that portion of the globe, might not be ineffectual."
The Monthly Meeting to which he belonged, and the African Institution, approved of his benevolent de signs, and encouraged him to procure a cargo at Sierra Leone, and proceed with the Traveller to this country. For this purpose it was necessary for him to be furnished with a license for the importation of African produce, as, according to former navigation laws, no articles could be brought to this country, in an American vessel, either direct from the place of its growth, or from any other country without express
1811.] MR. ALLEN VINDICATES CUFFEE. 77
permission. Mr. Allen obtained the interest of Wil- berforce, who procured an order in council, which brought him to England in 1811.
In a letter to the excellent Mr. Clarkson, Mr. Allen relates, that on the vessel entering the dock at Liver pool, " a press-gang came on board, and examined the crew, most of whom had protections, two were bound to him by indenture, and one of these, Aaron Richards, a shipwright of Sierra Leone, whom Paul took solely for the purpose of teaching him naviga tion, with a view to benefit the colony, was taken away. Thou mayst be sure that on receiving this information, I made the best of my way to Macaulay."
Macaulay had received a letter from some person in office in Sierra Leone, cautioning him to be on his guard against any " representations that Paul Cuffee might make, as no credit whatever was to be attached to anything he might say." Mr. Allen was just the man to investigate such a report — he entertained the despised son of Ham in his house — sent a memorial to the Board of Trade vindicating his character — " got off the impressed man, Aaron Richards," and had an explanation with Macaulay. He tells Richard Reynolds of Bristol : " Clarkson and I are both of the mind that the present opportunity for promoting the civilization of Africa, through the means of Paul Cuffee, should not be lost; he seems like a man made on purpose for the business; he has great experience as well as integrity." On he went till he obtained a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the African Institution, before whom he introduced Paul Cuffee. Let him describe it: —
78 CUFFEE'S DISINTERESTEDNESS. [1811.
"Eighth Month 2?t/i.—l was called upon to state the business, which I endeavored to do as briefly as possible. Paul was then called in, and introduced to the Duke of Gloucester, who asked him several ques tions, as did others also ; he returned satisfactory answers, and his simplicity and strong natural good sense made a great impression upon all parties. The Duke appeared much gratified, and after Paul Cuffee had withdrawn, a vote of thanks was passed to him, and a committee appointed to see what use might be made of him. Macaulay had Paul to dine with him on Second-day, and gave him a letter to Governor Maxwell, of Sierra Leone, and also to Judge Smith, which I hope will soften the latter. Captain Clarke, from New Bedford, dined with me on the Fifth-day; he has known him from a boy, and states that a person of greater integrity and honor in business, he never met with. I did not give the smallest hint which might call forth this declaration."
(< The next day after a religious service, in which Paul engaged, I was," says Mr. Allen, "very busy in getting seeds and various articles together for him, and presented him with a telescope. We had an affecting parting, as it is not very probable we shall see him any more. He has left a wife and eight children, and a profitable business in which he was engaged, to forward the views of the African Institu tion, and this at the risk of his person and property."
After Paul's departure, Mr. Allen opened a corre spondence with John Kezell, a native of Sierra Leone, to whom he sent presents of different articles likely to
1811.] RESULTS OF EFFORTS FOR AFRICA. 79
be useful in the colony, including seeds, tools, books, etc. He remarks : —
" Dr. Roxburgh, of Calcutta, has forwarded some more seeds to Sierra Leone, and among them a species of aloe-tree, the wood of which, Lord Valencia says, frequently sells for its weight in silver, being highly valued as a perfume. This explains some passages in scripture, as 'trees of lign aloes/ — 'aloes with all the chief spices/ etc."
He was soon cheered with letters from Africa, and in a note accompanying them to the Duke of Glou cester, he states : — •
"The results have justified my most sanguine ex pectations; I see now that the colonists of Sierra Leone want only a stimulus to their industry, that they are looking to us for it, and that we can afford it without the slightest inconvenience to ourselves.1'
Specimens were also sent him of African cord, a substitute for hemp, which proved very strong, and samples of indigo, which were found about half as good as that sold by the East India Company at 4*. §d. per lb., and quite as good as that which was first brought over to England by the Company.
Sierra Leone is now a flourishing colony; but who can tell what the efforts of such men as Mr. Allen and his compeers have contributed to its elevation ?
Those who have ever attempted to conduct a periodi cal know the extreme difficulties with which editors whose minds and time are exclusively confined to that object, are often encompassed ; but for a man of Mr. Allen's occupation to embark in such an enter prise, seemed as daring as it was almost certain
80 STARTS THE PHILANTHROPIST. [1812.
of failure. Yet his ever-active mind had been for some time occupied in preparing a little periodical, to be entitled "The Philanthropist." In this work, he obtained the assistance of several of his friends. In his prospectus, he states :
" The sole object of the present work is to stimulate to virtue and active benevolence, by pointing out to those who have the disposition and the power the means of gratifying the best feelings of the heart, and to show that all, even the poorest, may render material assistance in ameliorating the condition of man.
" The unity of design which the contemplative mind will perceive in the effects of Almighty power, guided by infinite wisdom in the production of good, makes it evident that a human being, in fulfilling the purposes of his creation, and promoting his own happiness, must of necessity promote that of his fellow-creatures ; for he then acts harmoniously with the divine intention, and it will be found that, as we approach more nearly to the standard of perfection, we shall be more fully imbued with love to our species, and even become anxious to promote the welfare of all within the sphere of our influence.
" They, on the other hand, who are out of this divine harmony, are not only miserable in themselves, but the cause of misery to others; and to this circum stance may in great measure be attributed the evils which desolate the world,— such being, in the energetic language of the apostle, ' hateful and hating one another."
In a letter from Henry, now Lord Brougham, writ ten in allusion to "The Philanthropist," he says— " I
1812.] ESSAY ON DETRACTION. 81
should before this time have answered your kind letter, and thanked you for the sheets of the new work! I need not say how greatly I approve of it Nothing has been planned for a very long time which has given me more real pleasure, and I hope I shall hereafter be able to show my zeal and anxious wishes for its success more substantially than by any expression of good-will ; but when I explain to you how I am cir cumstanced at present, I am confident you will see how impossible it is to me to contribute anything to the first number."
This excellent publication continued its acceptable career, feeding multitudes with wholesome truths, under the fostering hand of its unpaid editor, with all his numerous engagements, for a period of twenty years. As a specimen, the following excellent article from Mr. Allen's pen, on the vice of detraction, may show the useful tendencies of " The Philanthropist : "—
"Detraction is the natural infirmity of little minds, whose envy is excited by the contemplation of talents superior to their own, or of virtues which they will not take the pains to imitate; but those who feel mortified by a consciousness of inferiority of talent, should reflect, that none can aspire to a greater honor than the approbation of Him who dispenses his gifts in such proportion as He sees meet, and requires nothing but a due application of what He has bestowed, whether it be more or less. Mincls devoid of true courage are also prone to detraction, and even persons not destitute of benevolent feelings are apt to fall into this vice through inadvertence.
' The affections and sympathies of our nature, and
82 ESTEEM AND LOVE. [1812.
the consciousness of the need of mutual support, are the bonds which connect mankind in society. The individuals of which it is composed are necessarily dependent on each other, and that not merely in a pecuniary point of view, but as regards those comforts and refined pleasures which alone render society desirable. It becomes our interest, then, as it assuredly is our duty, to study and promote the happiness of those with whom we are connected, and that not only upon great occasions, which seldom occur, but particularly in those daily and minute inci dents which chiefly mark the course of our lives. A gloomy look and sullen silence, where there are no obvious reasons for it, strike a damp through tlu cheerful circle, and the individual has only the melan choly satisfaction of having made others uncomfort able as well as. himself. Much, indeed, depends upon the manner in which we conduct ourselves, even in actions otherwise indifferent, and the same words pro nounced in different tones produce opposite effects. A rigid and austere carriage is a great drawback from those whose virtue commands our esteem. Esteem and love, however, are different things, and the latter is only secured by unaffected gentleness of manners, and a constant attempt to direct all our words and actions to promote the comfort and happiness of others. This is true politeness, and nothing more than Christianity requires. We are commanded to love our neighbors as ourselves; and if we do this sincerely, we shall be very careful of throwing out any insinuations which may tend to their prejudice. Perhaps nothing is more destructive to the peace, and
1812.] ILLNESS AT HASTINGS. 83
even the comfortable existence of society, than detrac tion. Hence, in the sacred writings, ' whisperers and backbiters ' are classed among the 'workers of iniquity/ and as their mischief is so insidious, they should be as carefully avoided as persons more openly wicked. 'Thou shalt not curse the deaf/ was a law promulgated from the highest authority; and this law, so far from being abrogated, is strengthened and extended by the Christian dispensation. The spirit of this injunction prohibits any attack upon a person not in a situation to defend himself, as is the case with those who are absent. 'As ye would, therefore, that men should do unto you, do ye also to them.' "
None of these additional services abridged his ordi nary labors. The article on detraction was written at Hastings, during a season of suffering from " uneasi ness about the heart," brought on by incessant toil. A note penned by him there states the select duties to which he intended, in future, to restrict himself, and all will agree with him in the conclusion, that they are " enough for one man."
" If favored to return home, I must allot time for particular purposes, and take double care not to over load myself with engagements, as a constant round of occupation is injurious to mind and body. The following great objects are enough for one man, and I must resist all attempts to engage me in more, viz.: the Overseership of Gracechurch-street Monthly Meet ing; Lancaster's concern; Spitalfields Local Associa tion for the Poor ; Spitalfields School ; Philanthropist; Lectures; General Association for the Poor; Bible Society."
84 BENEVOLENT EXERTIONS. [1810.
Good man ! when a temptation presented itself to serve God's cause, or the poor, away went all his noble resolutions — the tide of benevolence broke down all the barriers of prudence. A few extracts, taken almost at random, before and after the restrictions he imposed on himself, will show they were not as the laws of the Medes and Persians. Here are four days' work : —
" Third Month $th. — To Devonshire House to meet committee on subscription for British prisoners in France.
" 6th. — Three o'clock, Borough-road, to meet the Duke of Gloucester, etc. ; W. Bootle, Sir John Seb- right, and W. Wilberforce were there ; they seemed much gratified.
" jilt. — Capital punishment committee, at four ; full attendance ; B. Foster resigned the office of secretary, which I took up.
"8th. — Thatched House Tavern, about two. Lan caster's committee; Duke of Bedford present; good attendance."
On the 22d of the same month we find him writing a paragraph for the " Times " newsp~oer, in answer to an attack upon Spitalfields School.
Sir John Sinclair urged him to give some lectures at the Board of Agriculture, which he declined ; but in the next month they elected him an honorary member of the Board, and he informs us, — " I must now write a small pamphlet, in a popular style, on the best form of wheel carriages and roads. It had, perhaps, better be first given in lectures at the Board."
1810.] LECTURES ON WHEEL CARRIAGES. 85
In a few months we find the following lamenta tions : —
" My spirits much depressed on several accounts
as humbling views of myself, and feelings of great inward poverty — school concern — my treatise for the Board of Agriculture — impending lectures — business, etc., but I must brush up, and hope for the best. I have certainly been helped hitherto, and trust that He who knows my most secret intentions, will merci fully continue His assistance." Some time afterwards he tells us :— " I went to the Hoard of Agriculture,
where I gave my first lecture on wheel carriages
about twenty of the nobility were present." Again :
"Board of Agirculture; lecture on roads, No. 2; well satisfied."
His friend Davy could not part with his services at the Royal Institution, and Mr. Allen's heart could scarcely refuse the following delicate application :
" MY DEAR ALLEN,
"As you are a professor of Natural Philosophy at the Institution, your name, of course, must appear in the list of lecturers. I hope you will contrive to give sonic lectures. Mr. Pond will take a considerable part of optics and mechanics. Perhaps you will give a few, six for instance, on Pneumatics and Hydraulics. But you must be governed by your own convenience; your time is too precious to be employed in any way that is not pleasant to you, and that does not coincide with your own views of utility. I hoped to have met you at Dr. Babin-tnn's, on Saturday, but was disap pointed. I trust you are quite well, and that you do
8G SOCIETY FOR LABORING POOR. [1810.
not injure your health by your unceasing exertion to promote all good things.
" I am, my dear Allen, most sincerely yours,
" H. DAVY."
The Hospital also clave to him, and would not dis pense with his acceptable and useful addresses. Hence we read : " Began my lectures this week at the Hos pital. I appear to feel much less when I get into them, than in the anticipation."
The continuance of war gave him a large amount of labor for the poor. Bread was one shilling and six pence a loaf, and many were out of employ, both in the manufacturing districts and in the metropolis. Besides the Soup Society in Spitalfields, the committee of which consisted of forty persons, who met at his house, a society was formed in London, to aid local associations in various parts of the country in relieving their poor. At a public meeting for this object, held at Freemason's Tavern, at which the Dukes of York, Kent, and Cambridge were present, with many of the nobility and influential members of the senate, a sub scription was entered into and a committee formed, of which Mr. Allen, of course, must be one, and it appears his office was no sinecure. He tells us :
" I have been lately much engaged in the affairs of the Society for the relief of the Laboring and Manu facturing Poor. All the letters from different parts of the country are put into my hands, in order to digest the information, which is afterwards fairly entered, under the different heads, in a book kept for that purpose. The whole forms a most valuable body
1810.] IMPROVES IN TRIGONOMETRY. 87
of information relative to the state of the poor." Its usefulness he thus describes :
" Our Spitalfields association is relieving much misery, though comparatively a small part of what actually exists. In the course of a few weeks, we sold above twenty-one thousand pounds weight of salt cod, at twopence per pound ; and are selling from nine hundred to one thousand red herrings every day, at from two to three for a penny. The distress in Spitalfields is greatly increased by the rise on potatoes; government have been sending off" many thousand tons to Spain and Portugal, as well as large quantities of corn and flour. The consequences to the poor this winter will, I fear, be dreadful. I am informed that three times more corn than usual has been already threshed out since the harvest, and yet markets con tinue to rise."
When obliged to retire to the Isle of Wight for a little recreation after his exertions in the course of the year, his repose yielded improvement in a science which few would adopt for hours of recreation.
" Though absent from business, I have been pretty busily employed in taking angles and calculating them, which has considerably improved me in trigo nometry."
The singular mixture in the following entry, will show with what facility his mind turned from one object to another, and how assiduously every moment was improved :
" To town by eight o'clock coach — learning Greek cards — correcting proof of 'Philanthropist' — called with Lancaster's books, on Joseph Fox, in Argyle-
88 LETTERS FROM HIS MOTHER. [1810.
street, and thence to S. R., James's-place ; had a most satisfactory interview with him, and settled affairs between him and Lancaster. Dined with Joseph Fox, after an unsuccessful attempt to meet with Wilberforce and Brougham — home to Plough-court, and then to Stewart -street, to take tea with my dear mother."
The strong affection of his mother towards him was met on his part by true filial piety. She frequently conveyed to him in writing, the religious concern she felt on his behalf; her letters were carefully preserved, and in many seasons of affliction and discouragement, he was consoled by her sympathy and strengthened by her counsel. Paramount indeed must have been that engagement which would keep him from regu larly visiting his beloved mother, who knew how to appreciate his attentions, and repaid them by such heavenly communications as the following :
" Thy kind sympathizing attention is extremely grateful to me, and it is the prayer of my spirit that the Lord may reward thee with the descrndings of His love and life-giving presence. My drooping mind was refreshed last evening, in feeling thy mind drawn, in silence, towards that divine inspcaking Word which endureth for ever. Mayst thou often, even in the midst of thy occupations, turn to Him for counsel; then wilt thou know all thy steps to be ordered of the Lord, and in righteousness shalt thou be established.
" I have frequently admired at the permissions of Providence concerning thce, even in thy going from thy father's house. It was a bitter c::p with me to part with thce, yet the distance being so short, I jj.ivc thee up, preferring thy apprehended good, and through the
1810.] LETTKKS 1 ROM HIS MOTHER.
89
right dedication of thy talents, the good of others, to my own gratification. But when I saw the trials, the heart-rending sorrow thou hadst to pass through, I was ready to call in question all that I had believed right; the cloud was at first too thick to be seen through by mortal eyes ; but by endeavoring to hold fast my confidence, my mind was strengthened in the hope that thou wouldst be preserved through all, and that by these means thou wouldst be fitted to fill with humility the station allotted thee in the succeeding stages of thy life, and surely I have cause to say, 1 Good is the word of the Lord.' "
To the elevated spirit of this holy woman all his honors, and talents, and success, appeared compara tively insignificant, while he neglected to devote him self to the ministry of the Word. That he might be wise to win souls was the highest ambition of her sanctified mind. A short time after the former letter, slu- sent him the following on the same subject:
" MY DEARLY Bl.I.oVl.n ('lIILD,
" Tl on wast yesterday iimming brought near to my spirit with much sweetness; my mind was given to see what was the mind of Truth concerning thce, and in the prospect, earnest desires were raised for thy preservation, and that thy talents might be dedicated without reserve, to the Great Giver; then would He refine and qualify thce to promote His cause on earth, and make of thee a pillar in His house, to go no more out. He would likewise enable thee to show unto oth< the pearl of greatest value is to be found;
thou wouldst not only be set as a watchman on the
90 HELPS FROM GOD. [1810
walls of Zion, but thou wouldst also be made instru mental to turn the attention of the children of men to that divine gift of grace, which if believed in and obeyed, would make real Christians, putting an end to pride, avarice, and contention, and the attendant of these, — bloodshed ; and making way for the fulfilment of the angelic anthem, which ushered in the birth of the Saviour of mankind. — ' Peace on earth and good will towards men.' Oh, how I long that the great design of our blessed Redeemer's example, sufferings, and death, were more fully accomplished ! and that thou and others, who have seen in a degree, the beauty that there is in the Truth, or in other words, in real vital Christianity, may never turn aside from its brightness. ' The path of the just is as a shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day;' and into this path, I believe beyond a doubt, thou art called."
No doubt these exhortations were helps from the Great Master to keep his piety alive amidst so many engagements likely to diminish its flame. The house of God, too, being his loved abode, furnished him with continued supplies on his pilgrimage. How charac teristic are the following entries : —
" Meeting — to comfort. As I had my lecture to compose, I deliberated with myself whether I might not omit meeting ; but I was not easy to do it, and was glad I went."
" My prayer has been of late, that if the Great Masterdeem me at allworthy to assist His poor church,
1810.] CHOSEN OVERSEER OF MEETING. 01
I Ie would be pleased to qualify me for it, and keep me humble before Him."
The Society felt the value of his services ; and when any special office required an intelligent mind to fill it, he was generally elected.
" Monthly Meeting. I was appointed to the station of overseer. Though conscious of my unfitness for it, I was afraid to refuse, lest I should shrink from a duty, and thereby bring greater spiritual poverty upon myself. My prayer is to be preserved from doing any harm, if I can do no good. O for a grain of true faith!"
The next year he tells us that he and his wife were chosen to the office of elders. The man who could act according to the great principles he laid down in the following exhibition of his ardent piety, would be a rich blessing in any office in which the church could place him.
" Still panting, at times, for closer communion with my great Creator and Preserver, with strong desires that He would enlighten my mind, and enable me to promote His work in the heart of others. Without 1 1 is favor and countenance, all earthly enjoyments are vanity, and science foolishness."
" I must learn to bear with and still love my breth ren, even when I think they are acting upon mistaken principles. O, how must that Great Being, who is truth itself, pity and bear with even those who arc supposed to think and act most correctly! Let all flesh be humbled before Him."
But of all the concerns to which he was called, he assures us the Lancasterian lay the heaviest on his
92 SUCCESS OF SCHOOL EFFORTS. [1811.
mind. It occupied much of his time and demanded considerable advances of money. The excellent Richard Reynolds of Bristol assisted him with dona tions for every benevolent object, specially for schools for the poor, but at his own request they were anony mous. In a letter to him Mr. Allen describes the state of things which called for so much care and prudence :
" We have at present nearly forty lads boarded and clothed at the Borough-road, and training for school masters. Among them we have two African youths, sent from Sierra Leone by the Crocodile frigate, which sailed at the same time as the Traveller. They came in consequence of the offer made by our school com mittee to the African Institution. We have also a promising young man, a Dane, training on Lancaster's plan, designed for a schoolmaster at Copenhagen. He was a prisoner of war, but handsomely given up by our government for this particular purpose. One of Lancaster's missionaries is gone to Ireland, and he is to follow in a few weeks, under the patronage of those connected with government. Another of his best young men is engaged by the Americans to open a model school upon the plan at George Town, near Washington. The applications from the country are numerous. Our school-room in Spitalfields is to be completed in a fortnight, and we are promoting a school for several hundreds in Westminster. Indeed, the work goes on in all directions exactly as we could wish, or more properly far beyond what we could have expected. Nothing discourages us but the unavoidably heavy expense which we are obliged to encounter.
1812.] ADVANCES OF MONEY. 93
The average of our expenditure is sixty pounds per week; our income from subscriptions about twenty pounds ; occasional donations, say nearly equal ; but if we could make the annual subscriptions three thousand pounds, we should be quite at ease, and able gradually to pay off the advances."
No wonder he inserts in his diary — " Sometimes I am uneasy at the pecuniary advances I have made in the school concern ; but at others I am comforted in believing it is the Lord's work. May lie bless it in our hands ! "
1 1 is chief difficulty lay with Lancaster, whose impru dences and thoughtlessness led him and the commit tee into many troubles. In another letter to Mr. Reynolds, he states them at length, and the judicious regulations the committee adopted, an abridgment of which is here given : —
" Lancaster took Salvador House at Tooting, with out consulting any of his friends, and candidly in formed us that he considered this undertaking as perfectly distinct from his public work. As he had given the best part of his life to the public, without fee or reward, he thought it was high time to consider the claims which his family had upon him for support. His plan is t<> take fifty boarders at forty-two pounds per annum ; a private friend is to lend him eight hundred or a thousand pounds to fit out, and he thinks he has a fair prospect of making the concern not only answer his pecuniary purposes, but promote the great e which he still has deeply at heart. Fox and 1 w.-re dearly of the mind that the time was now come for drawing a line between Joseph Lancaster and the
94 LANCASTER'S PRIVATE SCHEME. [1813.
great public work ; for however feasible his private scheme might be, it was possible it might fail, and if this should, unhappily, be the case, it would be a great reproach to us as guardians of the subscriptions, if these should be laid hold of to pay his private debts. We found him strongly disposed to put the public work into our hands entirely, provided we would ex onerate him from all claims on that account, which we agreed to do, upon certain conditions, namely : —
" The public work, hitherto carried on in the name of Joseph Lancaster, to be in future conducted solely by the committee.
" J. L. to do his utmost to promote the public work, by superintending the training of masters and mis tresses, at the Borough-road, and in every other way which shall not incur expense.
" The committee will not be responsible for any ex penses which they have not expressly warranted.
"The family, and every thing at the Borough- road, to be solely* under the direction of the com mittee.
" Every thing to be ordered, and all bills made out, in the name of the Committee of the Royal British or Lancasterian System of Education.
"J. Lancaster to make over the premises at the Borough-road, and all the property there, to the trus tees, as security for their advances.
" The public will have more confidence in the new arrangement, and we shall be able to do full as much good with less expense."
The following year, 1813, saw the failure of Lan caster's scheme, and he immediately applied to his old
1813.] MEETING AT KENSINGTON PALACE. 95
friends for relief. Mr. Allen says: — "Lancaster has got himself into much difficulty at Tooting, as we feared he would, and now he expects us to help him. We have to carry on the great work through much tribulation."
The " School concerns " brought Mr. Allen into more immediate contact with the Duke of Kent. He thus relates his interview with him on this painful business : —
"Sent for by the Duke of Kent. Told him the whole of the circumstances respecting J. L. He be haved very kindly, said that we must not give up the cause, and promised his support to the new arrange ments. He then entered upon private confidential business on his own concerns."
Another interview was appointed, and Mr. Allen went to Kensington, with Fox and Corston, to meet the Dukes of Kent and Sussex, and the Duke of Bed ford. " We fully and frankly stated the nature of our difficulties with Joseph Lancaster, but I observed that it would be proper for them to hear his account of the business — that he must be made to confine himself to the points on which he thought he had reason to complain of the committee, and that we would attend to answer for ourselves. They were all quite of this mind, and the Duke of Kent remarked, that as Lan caster was a man of a violent temper, it would be right to have some indifferent person present, and he knew of no one more likely to manage him than Whitbread. In this we all agreed, and the Duke of Bedford undertook to engage him in the business. The three dukes shotted themselves real men of busi-
96 ARRANGEMENTS WITH LANCASTER. [1813.
ness and of feeling. We left with them our plan of a new constitution, and retired, comforting ourselves with the hope that things were really getting into a proper train."
The Royal Dukes prevailed on Joseph Hume to join Whitbread in the investigation of the business. This resulted in another most important meeting : —
" Fox, Whitbread, Joseph Foster, W. Corston, T. Sturge, Place and Bone from Westminster, J. Hume, J. Lancaster, and myself met at Kensington Palace. The Dukes of Kent and Sussex presided. The Duke of Kent opened the business in a masterly manner, stating, that his friend Hume having, with great labor, investigated the whole matter, had digested the sub jects in regular order, in the form of a report, which he proposed should be read. This was accordingly done. It was drawn up with great candor and ability, and we had little to remark in reference to it. Lan caster behaved very imprudently, to say the least. In conclusion, the Duke of Kent told him in substance that they had agreed upon certain points, which they were determined to maintain, — that they would give him time to consider of them coolly, that he might still be the prominent feature in the business, but that if he persisted in the conduct he had lately pursued, they were determined to maintain the cause witlwut him. The patience and condescension of the Royal Dukes, on this occasion, were very striking.
" It is well for the cause that the deed was executed, which secures the premises at the Borough-road — this, as Fox says, is our sheet anchor."
The next year at the annual meeting of the School
1813.] M-r\K.\ ni»N KKMM LANCASTER. 97
Society, at Freemason's I lall, Mr. Allen informs us, "the absolute separation from Lancaster was an nounced, and we took the title of ' The British and Foreign School Society.' Every thing went off ad mirably. I brought home upwards of three hundred pounds ; the only damp upon our proceedings was our feeling for the poor infatuated man who first brought forward this beneficent system. — Much exhausted."
While at Cromer, Mr. Allen received the following admirable letter .from the Duke of Kent, expressing his feelings both to the institution and towards Lan caster : —
" Kensington Palace, August 75, 1813.
" FRIEND ALLEN,
" I duly received, this morning, your esteemed favor of yesterday, and was highly gratified in finding that the exertions of myself and brother, on Friday last, at the committee, were noticed by you in so feeling and friendly a manner. I only hope that, in the end, suc cess may attend our exertions, and harmony, with good discipline, be restored. It can scarcely be necessary for me<o observe, that your conduct, and that of the trustees throughout, has impressed both of us with sentiments of admiration. With respect to the unfor tunate J. L., I cannot help fearing, that vanity and dis tress united, have bereaved him of the power of judgment, but I trust, in a little time, we shall be able to convince him of the folly of the former, and relieve his mind of the latter; and that we shall be able to avail Ourselves < >( his sn vires, by remunerating them liberally and marking out his line, so that he
98 LETTER FROM DUKE OF KENT. [1813.
cannot possibly stray from it. I hope Fox and Hume- together will be able to get on rapidly with the new code of regulations, and whenever they are ready, my brother and myself, with the Duke of Bedford and Mr. Whitbread, will be ready to meet them. Know ing, as I do, Mr. Hume's uprightness, clear-headed ness, and perseverance, I am convinced you could not have a more efficient co-adjutor. With respect to my own affairs, the moment I can avail myself of your advice, with advantage, I will do myself the pleasure of addressing you again. In the meanwhile I remain, with regard and esteem, friend Allen, yours, faithfully,
" EDWARD."
CHAPTER VI.
NEW LANARK, AND INTERVIEW WITH THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.
THE efforts of Mr. Allen to carry out the humane and beneficent designs of the Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment, received a new impulse by a case which he describes in a letter to Lord Sidmouth. It was as follows :
A young man, about twenty-two years of age, ex tremely ignorant, not being able to read or write, and exhibiting no indications of a ferocious disposition, was condemned to death. This poor wretch, it seems' crept in at the window of a house, stole property to the amount of a few shillings, and withdrew without any attempt to commit a personal injury. A petition was sent to Mr. Allen from Cardiff, where the young man was awaiting his sentence, imploring a commuta tion of the terrible and disproportionate punishment. I Ie was the right man to be entrusted with such a document. "I took it," he states, "to Inglis, then went to Vansittart, to get a note of introduction to Lord Sidmouth, but Vansittart kindly went with me himself. Lord S. received me politely, but seemed bent upcn h.m-in-r the man at the instance of the judge, Came home too much depressed to do any- tiling with comfort."
(99)
100 SAVES THE LIFE [1813.
If, however^ he was robbed of his comfort, his de pressed spirit gave his pen unusual power to plead for the prisoner with heart-stirring eloquence. To Lord Sidmouth he writes :
" Shall a person, to whom, be it remembered, society has failed in its duty by suffering him to grow up in ignorance, for the crime of stealing a few shillings, and without any aggravating circumstances, be cut off in the prime of life, suffer the very same punishment which you inflict upon him who has been guilty of the most barbarous murder, and, in short, endure the greatest punishment which one human being can inflict upon another ?
'• Many will not prosecute when plundered of their property, lest the felon, if convicted, should lose his life ; hence for want of a law inflicting adequate pun ishment, an offender escapes to commit new depreda tions, and derives further encouragement by calculating upon his chances. Everything seems planned to avenge society of its injuries, while the means for preventing their increase are almost completely overlooked. To reform the guilty, and to restore them as useful mem bers of the community, is a glorious triumph of humanity, and marks a state rising in the scale of civilization ; but to have no other resource than the punishment of death, reminds me of the miserable subterfuge of a barbarous age, barren in expedients to save, strong only to destroy.
" Excuse me for speaking out freely on this awful occasion ; indeed the case demands it, and I should despise myself if, under such circumstances, I felt an inclination to shrink from the performance of my duty;
1813.] OF A CONDEMNED CRIMINAL. 101
in endeavoring to discharge it however, I hope I have not failed in the respect due to a person in thy distin guished situation, and as I know that thy feelings must have been strongly excited on this distressing subject, I hope thou wilt be pleased to make some allowance for mine."
Two days afterwards he tells us : " Went up to Lord Sidmouth, at Whitehall ; met with a very favorable reception, and had a long interview on W. Morgan's case. I find a respite of ten days is sent down, in order to give time to consult the judge. I have no doubt now that the man's life will be spared." Before the expiration of three days, he received a note from Lord Sidmouth, stating thai it had been recommended to the Prince Regent to commute the sentence of W. Morgan to transportation for life.
Happily for us, the subsequent amelioration of our criminal code renders it unnecessary to print all the powerful arguments of Mr. Allen to Lord Sidmouth, in favor of the prevention of crime by education and labor. To him and his faithful coadjutors in this God like work, society is indebted for the improvement of our laws in the treatment of criminals ; and although prison discipline is a subject still encompassed with difficulties, this fact stands out in bold relief, that severity never reclaims from vice. And who that drinks into the spirit of our holy religion, must not devoutly pray that every vestige of sanguinary ven geance may speedily be blotted from our statute book, and the lowest criminals, by education and pastoral instruction be taught that Christianity is emphatically — love. In a letter to Sir Robert Harry Inglis, lh< n
102 NEW LANARK. [1813.
private secretary to Lord Sidmouth, Mr. Allen, after eulogizing his lordship for the kindness he had shown to the poor culprit, utters a desire which every un prejudiced mind still echoes :
" I wish it were in my power to convince those, who, from their situation and influence, are able to give full effect to the measure, that it is possible to make arrangements for the education of every poor child in the kingdom at a very trifling expense to the public, upon some general plan in which good men of all descriptions might cordially unite ; this would do more towards diminishing crime, than all the penal statutes that could be enacted."
The suffering state of the working population in our manufacturing districts had been peculiarly brought under the notice of Mr. Allen, by his indefatigable labors in the society established in London for their relief, and, both in a moral and political point of view, it was cause of serious anxiety to many reflecting minds.
His hopes were raised of the practicability of im proving their condition, by hearing of the good which had been effected through the benevolent exertions of the proprietors of the cotton mills at New Lanark, established in the first instance by the benevolent and pious David Dale, near the falls of the Clyde. The temporal and moral benefits of a population amount ing to more than 2000 persons, had been greatly pro moted by the admirable system pursued in them. The mills had been in operation about thirteen years, and during that period none of the workmen had applied for relief from public charity, nor had one of
1814.] ARTICLES OF PARTNERSHIP. 103
them been called before a magistrate for any offense. Robert Owen, who married a daughter of the founder, long had the management of the works, but by a dis solution of the partnership, they were obliged to be sold by public auction. With great conflict, on account of the responsibility it involved, Mr. Allen determined to unite with Joseph Fox, John Walker, and Robert Owen, in the purchase, in order that Robert Owen might carry out Mr. Dale's noble plans for the eleva tion of the manufacturing poor. The parties came under an engagement to secure Mr. Allen from loss for one year, and that they would take his shares if he felt uneasy and disposed to relinquish them, on giving notice.
The year 1814, opens with a memorandum :
" Received letters from my friend Fox, with the information that the Lanark mills are ours. May the divine blessing attend the undertaking, and may we be kept humble and cautious !"
A proof of the feelings which actuated the new pro prietors, was given by the care they took in framing the articles of partnership, which will not find many parallels at that period. They provided for the reli gious education of all the children of the laborers em ployed in the works ; and " that nothing should be introduced tending to disparage the Christian religion, or undervalue the authority of the Holy Scriptures.
"That no books should be introduced into the
library, until they had first been approved of at a
ral meeting of the partners. That schools should
be established on the best models of the British, or
other approved system to wlnYh the partners might
104 ARTICLES OF PARTNERSHIP. [1814.
agree; but no religious instruction, or lessons on religion, should be used, except the Scriptures, accord ing to the authorized version, or extracts therefrom without note or comment; and that the children should not be employed in the mills belonging to the partner ship, until they were of such an age as not to be prejudicial to their health."
Mr. Allen applied to Lord Sidmouth for a charter for Lanark, which it does not appear, from future memoranda, was granted. In the autumn, he and his family visited Lanark. Here, it appears, for the first time he discovered " the peculiar opinions " of Owen. After long conversation with him, he came to this conclusion :
" I found the arrangements, with regard to the manufacturing part, excellent, and even beyond my expectations ; but, alas ! Owen, with all his cleverness and benevolence, wants the one thing, without which, parts, acquirements, and benevolence are unavailing."
Joseph Fox subsequently joined their party, and found that nothing but the most decided stand for religious truth could preserve it among the work people. They therefore " sat down with Owen, to a most important discussion of several points in the articles of partnership, particularly those relating to the training of the children, and the use of the Holy Scriptures in the schools. The latter, Fox and I made a sine qua non, at least as far as we are concerned, and Owen at length yielded."
At the close of the year, the affair was brought to a conclusion by signing the articles of partnership, an act which Mr. Allen thus describes, and his own feel-
1814.] REASONS FOR SIGNING THEM. 105
ings concerning it. The record exhibits his piety and honor in a very lovely light.
. " This was indeed a memorable week ; on Seventh- day, the 24th, John Walker, Joseph Fox, Joseph Foster, Michael Gibbs, and I, signed the articles of partnership in the Lanark concern, and forwarded them to R. Owen for his signature; glad should I have been could I have avoided it ; but considering all the religious feelings which have attended my mind on this subject for a year past, I considered it my duty to join, and signed in the faith that I was brought into it for some purpose not seen as yet. Looking upon it on the prudential side, I cannot but see the risk of a great concern, interwoven with the state of human politics and continental arrangements ; also the great slake committed very much to the pru dence of one man. On the other hand, the sense of duty I felt in engaging in it; the prayers I have put up night and day that if it were wrong I might feel a timely check; that it would not be generous to desert some of the other parties, who maintained that they would have nothing to do with it, but on condi tion of my being one ; the probability that I may be the bond of union between them ; the wide field of usefulness where we have the control of three thousand people; the strength I might give in opposing any infidel plans of R. O.'s, — all these have turned the scale, and I must leave the result in the hands of Infinite Wisdom; and O, that I and mine may be under His protection !"
Various circumstances gave occasion to test the
principles on which Mr. Allen acted, in which his
106 PROOFS OF DISINTERESTEDNESS. [1814.
integrity and honor remarkably triumph. During the progress of an investigation into the hardships suf fered by the black settlers at Sierra Leone, before the African Society, a sentiment was expressed that with respect to supplying slave-traders from the stores, it is not the business of the managers to inquire what the things are wanted for, if the people bring their money ; but Mr. Allen " maintained, that admitting it was not their business to inquire, yet when a man comes and says, ' I want a supply of articles for the purpose of buying slaves,' or where we have every reason to believe that things are wanted for that pur pose, they cannot be supplied without a degree of participation in the guilt. I stated my own case, in which a merchant, with whom I had done considerable business, sent me a large sea chest to refit. I suspected, from the nature of it, that it was destined for the slave- trade, and, on inquiry at the merchant's counting- house, found that it was so. I then told him that I could not, consistently with my feelings and principles, derive profit from, or at all aid or assist in, such a business. They, of course, sent for the chest, and I lost their custom."
The African Institution, though it conferred many advantages on the black settlers, did not answer all the wishes of its founders, in consequence, as stated in its first report, of " its fixed determination not to engage in commercial speculations." The settlers found great difficulty in parting with their produce to their satisfaction, and they had no way of conveying it to England so as to make the most of it themselves. On this point Mr. Allen differed in opinion from some
1814.] FORMS A NEW AFRICAN SOCIETY. 107
whom he regarded with love and reverence, and to carry out his convictions a new society was formed, as the following notice imports :
" A meeting at Plough-court, of an important nature for Africa. Thomas Clarkson, George Harrison, Samuel Hoare, Jr., T. J. Forster, B. Forster, and Charles Barclay met, and we formed ' a Society for the purpose of encouraging the Black Settlers of Sierra Leone, and the natives of Africa generally, in the cultivation of their soil by the sale of their produce.' Samuel Hoare was appointed Treasurer, and William Allen, Secretary. Amongst the resolutions agreed to at its formation, was that the society shall raise a fund, not by loan but by free gift, and that it shall appoint a committee to manage it, and that no member shall de rive emolument from the transactions of the society."
In a communication to Richard Reynolds of Bris tol, the following year, we have an account of the settlement of the difficulties of this infant institution, in a manner which reflects the highest honor on Mr. Allen's disinti restcdncss : —
" The committee, which was held at my house, was most respectably attended; Samuel Iloarc, Sr., was in the chair; his son was also present, together with Robert Barclay (brewer), G. and A. R. Barclay, Lord Carrington, John Smith, M. P., the Forsters (bankers), T. F. Buxton, etc., etc., etc. One of the first questions was, how far, according to the letter of the law, the parties could be considered 'traders,' as most of them felt delicately upon that point; having, by their articles of partnership, bound themselves from engaging in any other trade; and Sir Samuel Romilly's opinion,
108 SPOKE TO VANSITTART. [1814.
in a letter addressed to me upon the subject, having confirmed their doubts, they got over the difficulty by prevailing upon me to take the whole responsibility, and to permit all the transactions to take place in my name ; I insisted however, on having some one to join me, and named John Clarkson, who, thou mayst re collect, was for some time governor of the colony ; this was agreed to, and S. Hoare formed a minute, stating that the money was actually given to us for certain purposes, without requiring an account. This seemed to settle all their fears. Lord Carrington paid in fifty pounds ; this with the bounty of thyself and friends, with some other subscriptions, makes our capi tal about five hundred pounds.
" I spoke to Vansittart upon the subject of giving facilities to the importation of African produce. This, with the exception of sugar, he readily agreed to do, and before I came away, gave orders that a memoran dum should be made for a bill to be brought into Parliament, without loss of time, to put Sierra Leone produce on a footing with all British colonies with respect to duties, which is not the case at present."
Mr. Reynolds very justly remarks, in reply to Mr. Allen —
" The expedient adopted to prevent the subscribers to our African concern from being joint traders, or, in this instance, traders at all, would have been equally satisfactory had they prevailed upon some other suit able person to have taken upon himself the whole responsibility, and to permit all the transactions to take place in his name. I really think thou hast already
1814.] NOTE FROM WILBERFORCE. 109
done, and hast engaged to do, more to serve others than could reasonably be expected from any man."
Mr. Wilberforce, in a letter to W. Allen, observes: — "With you I have no reserves. I am persuaded of your possessing all the qualities of head and heart which claim attachment, and you possess mine in a -I eater degree than in proportion to the opportunities we have hitherto had of cultivating each other's friend ship. After saying this, I should not be honest if I did not however add, ' Tails cum sis, utinam noster esses ; ' that is, for your own sake, and that of the world, *I wish your religious principles and my own were more entirely accordant. I fear you may deem this an approach towards bigotry, but truth seemed to require the avowal."
Yet, when he required any object of a liberal nature carried out, Mr. Allen was the friend to whom he generally applied; though Episcopal prejudices and Kpiscopal advice, large as was the heart of Wilber- force, sometimes prevented him from serving with similar decision those institutions which Mr. Allen labored to establish. The following interesting inci dent will illustrate the character of the two men : —
" W. Wilberforce called, and stated that he had been informed the Lascars and Chinese kept at Ratcliff had been very ill-used : that they had not sufficient pro vision, and that several of them had been unmercifully flogged ; that some humane persons in the neighbor hood had collected a good deal of evidence on the subject, and he wished T. Clarkson and me to con sider \vlut could !>«• done.
" A Lascar c<><>k was brought to us who had been
110 LASCAR'S SOCIETY FOUNDED. [1814.
flogged about a fortnight before. The offence ap peared to be the food not holding out for the parties it was designed for ; the marks on his back showed that the lacerations must have been very deep. After conferring with one of the directors of the East India Company, an order arrived from the shipping commit tee, for ' W. Allen, T. Clarkson, and a friend, to visit the Barracks at all seasonable hours ;' previous to this, all access had been refused to strangers.
" This morning T. Clarkson and I went to the Bar racks, calling in the way at Wontner's in the Minories, a benevolent man who has interested himself on be half of these poor creatures: we took him with us. It appears that they are under the authority of a serang, who punishes them at pleasure."
After an affecting detail of their suffering condition, he adds, — "A regular plan must be resorted to, and the whole ought to be put under the inspection of some of the humane inhabitants. There are about two hundred in the barracks at this time."
On the very next day, we find this brief but telling entry in his diary : —
" Second Month ifth. — To Wontner's, at the Min ories. — ' Lascar's Society ' founded."
Happy was the poor oppressed sufferer that obtained William Allen to espouse his cause, or attempt his freedom !
It is peculiarly gratifying to find that, amidst en gagements which bewilder the head to read them — of so absorbing a nature, of such great responsibility, and requiring such constant application — his piety kept pace with his exertions, and even increased as more
1814,] ADDRESS TO THE KING OF PRUSSIA. Ill
extraordinary demands were made upon it. What heart can be unmoved with the following exquisite Sentiments, which are -interspersed amidst notices of hospital lectures, committee meetings of all kinds, the formation of new institutions, business attentions, church affairs, the spread of religion, or the relief of a slave : —
" Riches, life, and health are uncertain ; but a little assurance that we are on that foundation which can not be removed, and that none of the storms and vicissitudes of life can separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord — this adds a lustre to all that is beautiful in creation, and sweetens every bitter cup, and even enlightens the darkest scenes with a gleam of peace and hope ! "
" I feel myself, with regard to spirituals, poor and blind, and naked, and wanting all things, deeply con vinced that I cannot help myself. May I persevere in humble application to Him from whom alone help can come; may the Saviour strip me of the filthy rags of my own righteousness, and clothe me with His right eousness ! "
During the year 1814, the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia, with many of the foreign nobility, visited London. Mr. Allen took advantage of the op portunity to seek an interview, in order to plead with them on behalf of peace and education. As Clerk of the meeting he wrote two addresses, which the Friends adopted. That to the King of Prussia, besides con gratulating him on his arrival, and expressing desires for his welfare, solicited the continuance of his kind protection to members of their own persuasion, who
112 INTERVIEW WITH HIS MAJESTY. [1814.
had been sufferers on account of their peculiar opin ions, and faithfully tells him, — " Our conviction, O King ! is, that the regard of a monarch to his con scientious subjects is a sure means of promoting the best ends of government, as well as of drawing down upon himself the favor of Almighty God ! "
That to the Emperor of Russia, after stating their peculiarities, and the religious freedom they now enjoyed, continues: — " The Lord has put it into thy heart to promote the circulation of the Holy Scriptures among thy subjects; may He bless the endeavor to promote their general improvement ; and as religious inquiry is now widely spreading among the nations, and many pious persons are searching for themselves into the things pertaining to salvation, we entreat thee, great Prince, to continue to be an indulgent protector of such upright and conscientious subjects, wheresoever found in thy extensive empire."
Luke Howard and William Allen called upon Baron Jacobi, the ambassador from the King of Prussia, and showed him the address, which he seemed to approve, and promised to show it to the king. On the i6th of June Mr. Allen reports : —
"Stephen Grellet, John Wilkinson, Luke Howard, and 1, attended at James' Palace according to appointment with Baron Jacobi, to present the address to the King of Prussia ; after waiting some time, we were told that the king had been up all night, and was much hurried, and that the only chance we had of seeing him, was by standing in the passage through which he was to pass to his carriage. When he came up, Baron Jacobi directed the king's attention to us, and the address,
1814.] INTERVIEW WITH COUNT LIEVEX H3
together with some books, was presented ; S Grellct had only time to say a few words in French and on adverting to some of our Society in his dominions and to the Society's testimony against war, the king observed, that they were excellent people; but with out waiting for the conclusion of the sentence, said war was necessary to procure peace.' "
The interview with the Emperor of Russia was so 'leasing, and is so graphically written, that it will best be told in Mr. Allen's language. He had previously Obtained an introductory letter from the Marquis ,,'f ravistock to Count Lieven, the Russian ambassador -This morning Luke Howard accompanied to Count 1. (even's, 1 larley Street. I first made an logy to him for not taking off my hat, on account our rehg,ous scruple in this particular, which he received in a very affable manner. We then explained ! nature of our mission, and gave him a copy of the address from our religious society to the Kmperor Alexander, in English. He appeared to read every word u ,th the most marked attention, and very de- lAefatelyj I watched his countenance, and observed that his mind was considerably affected by it Ik- assured us that he would lay it before the Kmperor and take his pleasure upon it. He requested me to at.,, id at the Pulteney Hotel that evening at nine o clock, which I did, but the Emperor not arriving I ft at between twelve and one, and arrived at Plough court about half-past one.
" 'Hi-- next day I went u,> to Count Lievcn'.s. Soon after eleven, one of th, servants tamc im<) thc room
and Kid that the Cowrt ua.at the d,,,,r in his carriage'
114 EMPEROR OF RUSSIA AND SUITE. [1814.
and requested me to go to him ; he smiled, made me get into the carriage, and, driving off immediately, informed me that the Emperor wished to attend one of our meetings, and that there was no other time for it but the present. I replied, then it was quite plain we must go to the nearest, which was Westminster, and lose no time, otherwise it might be broken up. We were soon in the midst of a crowd of carnages and people, I think at Count Nesselrode's, Curzon Street, Mayfair. My mind was much exercised for the honor of the Truth, and my secret petitions were put up to the alone Source of Divine help. The Count was dressed in his regimentals, gold epaulettes, stars, crosses, etc., with a large hat and feathers, sword, etc. On entering the house I was shown into a parlor on the left hand, the steps, passage, etc., being lined with people. I suggested, that to prevent annoyance from the mob, the Emperor had better go as privately as possible. The Emperor and Duchess soon came down, the former in a plain dress. I was introduced to them, and then gave the coachman directions where to drive. The Emperor and Duchess, with the two Dukes, went in one carriage, and Count Lieven took me in his. The plan was for the Emperor's carriage to follow us, but in the crowd we lost each other ; however, we met much about the same time at Martin's Lane. A number of persons had collected, but not one of them had gone up the court. The Emperor alighted, and the Count, taking me by the arm, made way through the crowd. I went, at a re spectful distance before the Emperor, and had just time to beckon out four Friends who sat near the
1814.] ATTEND THE FRIENDS* MEETING. 115
door. I uesired them to get behind the Emperor and keep the crowd back, which they managed exceedingly well. I showed the Emperor, the two Dukes, and the Count, to a seat fronting the meeting; the Duchess preferred the first cross form on the women's side. I sat opposite the Emperor on the first cross form.
" The Emperor and the whole party conducted themselves with great seriousness. The meeting re mained in silence about a quarter of an hour. Richard Phillips then stood up with a short but acceptable address to the meeting, and soon after John Wilkin son was engaged in explaining the effects of vital religion, and the nature of true worship, beautifully applying the text, 'He is their strength and their shield.1 After he sat down, John Bell uttered a few sentences, and John Wilkinson sweetly concluded in supplication. I think I may say, Friends were evi dently owned in this their strait, and that nothing could have answered better, if it had been ever so well con trived. After meeting, the Emperor and his compan ions, with the Grand Duchess also, very kindly shook hands with the Friends about them, and a passage being made through the middle of the meeting, I went before them to the carriage, they continuing to shake hands with the Friends as they passed. At the car riage, the Emperor, in French, appointed the 2ist, at ten o'clock, for Friends to meet him at the Pultcney Hotel, limiting the deputation to me and the person uho spoke second, which was John Wilkinson."
11 .'ist.— We took up the address; the Emperor having been engaged till six o'clock that morning, was not up when we arrived, and we had to wait
116 INTERESTING INTERVIEW [1814.
about two hours and a half. At last a message came for us, and Stephen Grellet, John Wilkinson, and I, were introduced into an apartment where the Emperor stood to receive us : he was quite alone, and dressed in a plain suit of clothes, and, with a look of benignity, seemed to meet us as friends, rather than as strangers. I put the Address into his hands, which, as he had seen the copy, he did not open, and then, on behalf of the Society, presented him with some books. He looked into each of them, but appeared desirous of employing all the time in conversation, which was carried on partly in English, which he pronounced very well, and partly in French. His questions were chiefly in reference to the doctrines and practices of our Society, and evidently showed that he was acquainted with the operations of the Holy Spirit in the soul, and considered forms and external observ ances but of secondary importance. On the subject of worship, he said, he agreed entirely with Friends, that it was an internal and spiritual thing ; he said that he was himself in the habit of daily prayer ; that at first he employed a form of words, but at length grew uneasy with them, as not always applicable to the present state of his mind, and that noiu the subject of his prayer was according to the impression he felt of his wants at the time, and in this exercise he felt sweet peace.
" He was desirous of knowing whether any among us were set apart for the ministry, and whether we had any particular form on such occasions, or ap pointed any to preach at particular times. We stated the principles of Friends, which drew from the Emperor
1814.] WITH Till: KMPEROR OF RUSSIA. 117
many interesting and feeling expressions. lie re marked, that Divine worship consisted not in outward ceremonies or repetitions of words, which the wicked and the hypocrite might easily adopt, but in having the mind prostrate before the Lord.
" In conversing with S. Grellet in French, the Em peror feelingly remarked upon the importance of the trust committed to him — the many temptations with which he was surrounded, and the few to whom he could open his heart upon such subjects, saying that it would be a profanation of holy things to speak of them to persons in general. Our dear friend, S. Grellet, under the pressure of gospel love, addressed a few sentences to him in French : the Emperor pressing S. Grellet's hands, with both of his, was much contrited, and with tears in his eyes, said, 'These, your words, are a sweet cordial to my soul, they will long be engraven upon my heart/ — indeed, several times during the opportunity, he took one or other of us by the hand, and to John Wilkinson he expressed how fully his spirit united with him in prayer, at the meeting on First-day. lie said he desired to have this opportunity, apprehending that he was one in sentiment with us, and though, from his peculiar situ ation, his practice must be different, yet the religion <>f Christ being one, and his worship spiritual, he believed that in this we might all unite.
" I le stated how the Lord had made him acquainted with spiritual religion, after which he had much sought it, and that herein he found strength and consolation; adding, that he, and all of us, were only placed in this life to glorify God and be useful to one another, and
118 THE EMPEROR AND DUCHESS [1814.
that we ought to strive to be prepared for another life.
" He expressed how much he was disgusted with the practice which prevailed in this country, of sitting several hours after dinner, saying it was a waste of that time which might be employed for the good of our fellow-creatures.
" On S. G. congratulating him with having such a sister as the Duchess of Oldenburg, who appeared to be one in religious sentiment with him, he said if was a great favor — that they could freely converse together on such subjects, and profit by each other's experience.
" S. G. having directed his attention to suffering Africa, the Emperor went into the subject with warmth of feeling, saying that the Africans were men, and objects of redeeming love as well as ourselves; and that when the articles of peace were framing, he had done all he could for them, and from what passed, it appeared very plain, that if the cause of Africa were given up in the treaty, it was no fault of the Emperor's.
" I then addressed him upon the subject of estab lishments for training the poorest of the people in habits of morality and virtue, and in useful knowledge, and respectfully reminded him that he possessed the power, in a greater degree than any other person now in existence, for doing incalculable good in this way. I briefly stated the plans now pursuing in this country, and the preference claimed by the British and Foreign School Society, and that it was well calculated to assist Bible Societies : the Emperor listened with marked attention, and said, ' It is indeed a subject of great importance.'
1814.] VISIT A I'KIKXn's HOUSE.
" The interview lasted about an hour, and the Em peror stood during all that time ; his conduct through out, though familiar and affectionate, was dignified, and lie said, ' If any of your Friends should visit Petersburg on a religious account, let them not wait for any intro duction, but come direct to me, and I will do every thing to promote your views.' He remarked that he should never forget this opportunity, and, as we with drew, he took each of us by the hand, and said, ' I part from you as from friends and brethren.' "
The Emperor, when at Portsmouth, expressed an inclination, to " visit a family of the persuasion of Friends, and stop for half an hour to have a little friendly conversation." Lord Sidmouth signified the Emperor's desire, and arrangements were accordingly made for John Glaisyer to receive him : but when he reached Brighton, the crowd was so great, that he passed on without fulfilling his intention. Mr. Glais yer, however, writes to Mr. Allen :
" I think thou wilt be pleased to learn that the Empcn.r was not willing readily to give up his wish to see a Friend's family. My cousin, Nathaniel Rick- man, and his wife, were standing at their own gate last l;irst-day afternoon, to see the Emperor pass; he, ing they had the appearance of Friends, desired the driver to stop, when he alighted, and asked N. R. if they were not of the people called Quakers. Being answered in the affirmative, he requested liberty to go into the house, which, of course, was most willingly granted. The Duchess then alighted, and they all went together ; shortly afterwards the Duchess asked if they might go over the house, and they were accord-
120 THE EMPEROR'S DEPARTURE. [1814.
ingly conducted into the principal apartments, the neatness of which they praised. On returning to the parlor they were invited to take some refreshments, which they did, and seemed much pleased with the attention. On rinding that the family had not heard of the Emperor having had any communication with Friends in London, he gave them an account of his having been at meeting, and also of the conversation he had had with some members of the Society, in an inverview out of meeting. They seemed unwilling to take leave, but said, two or three times, that they had to go as far as Dover that night, and they wished to know whether they should pass any more Friends' houses on the road ; they said they had intended to go to one at Brighton, but could not get there for the crowd ; they wished to be remembered to Friends generally, said it was not likely they should see each other again, but they hoped they should not be for gotten. On parting, the Emperor kissed Mary Rick- man's hand, and the Duchess kissed her; they shook hands cordially with N. R., saying — ' Farewell.' They staid about twenty minutes, and, during their conver sation, the Emperor spoke in praise of the Friends he had seen in London, and behaved throughout in the most free and affable manner possible."
Who, after reading this touching narrative, is not ready to exclaim, May all future Emperors of Russia resemble the good Emperor Alexander, and all the uneducated poor children in his vast dominions have as earnest and disinterested a friend to plead on their behalf as William Allen!
CHAPTER VII.
BRITISH AND FOREIGN SCHOOL SOCIETY DUKE OF
KENT'S AFFAIRS.
IN order to extricate the British and Foreign School Society from debt, and place it on a permanent footing, it was resolved to endeavor to raise ten thousand pounds, in gifts of one hundred pounds each; the subscriptions, as they were paid in, to be vested in the funds, in the names of trustees, under certain condi tions, specified in a circular issued by the Committee.
Those who are in the habit of collecting money of the rich for any benevolent purpose, well know that Mich a plan was much easier to propose than accom pli -h. The excuses arising from real inability in some who dare not explain their circumstances, and from others who wish to avoid the sacrifice required, are very disheartening. But men of prayer and singleness of purpose for promoting the Divine glory, seldom fail in accomplishing their object. Persons were not then so much in the habit of giving large sums as they have been of late years. Many of the best friends of education predicted failure, while others who knew the men that had put their shoulders to th.- wheel, cheered them on and expected success. 41 Fox and I," says Mr. Allen, " think it right to make even- exertion on this account;" and they did make
(121)
122 BRITISH AND FOREIGN SCHOOL SOCIETY. [1815.
as great exertions as if their own private advantage were the reward. When fresh donations were sent in, Mr. Allen records them with the triumph of a victory. " Our ten thousand pounds subscription to the British and Foreign School Society amounts to about twelve hundred paid in — eighty-eight hundreds more wanted." A long distance from the goal, but he thought the sum a large earnest from heaven of ultimate success.
In a few months we have another record : " Great annual meeting of the School Society ; Freemason's Hall completely filled; the Duke of Sussex in the chair, supported by Earl Darnley: the whole went off very well, except that I was pained with the over strained eulogium pronounced upon myself by Tracy. The great subscription amounts to three thousand seven hundred and eighty pounds."
These memorials of increase go on till the close of the year 1816, when, after two years of labor, he an nounces in a reply to the Duke of Bedford, who had sent him a second donation of one hundred pounds towards the fund :
" I am now happy to say that the generosity of our friends has secured the great object: most of the money is actually paid in, and the remaining four or five hundred is promised, and will, most likely, come in during to-morrow and next day.
" It must be a source of great gratification to thy liberal mind, to reflect that, in the ordering of Divine Providence, thou shouldest be the first of the British nobility to appreciate the value of a plan which is bestowing so many substantial blessings upon our country and the world ; to have nursed it in its infancy ;
1815.] FORMS DISTRICT SCHOOL ASSOCIATIONS. 123
to have superintended it in its growth, and finally to have witnessed its complete success."
To awaken attention, and give the public confidence in their plans, the Committee determined " to come forward boldly," to meet in future at St. Paul's Coffee House, and that every member of a country Commit tee, also all ministers, either of the Church of England or dissenters, provided they were subscribers, should have the privilege of attending when in town.
A great difficulty arose first in the Committee of the Westminster School, respecting the form of ques tions in the lessons. A happy thought of Mr. Allen freed this perplexing subject from its difficulties. He suggested that they should leave out Freame's ques tions, retaining only the words of Scripture ; all seemed pleased with this proposal, which was agreed to, and they declared that they did not wish one word of the text to be omitted.
Mr. Allen and his friends made great efforts to excite an interest in the poor themselves for the edu cation of their children, by means of School Associa tions. "If," he observed, "we succeed in a few dis tricts of this metropolis, the work will rapidly spread ; and the good effects upon the great mass of the com munity in promoting morality and virtue among them will be incalculable."
In this new movement the Duke of Kent took the deepest interest, as will appear by an extract from a note to Mr. Allen :
"The idea of establishing School Associations ap pears to promise the best results, and the Duke hopes that William Allen will favor him with a very early
PERSEVERANCE AMIDST DISCOURAGEMENT. [1815.
communication, whenever that destined for the Bor ough of Southwark is established and set a going ; as, immediately afterwards, it may be right to arrange a public meeting, in order to follow up the same plan throughout the metropolis, as an example to the whole of the United Kingdom ; and if the Duke's services can be useful on that occasion, he trusts that William Allen is well persuaded he may command them."
Those services were freely given. Mr. Allen states :
" The first meeting of the Southwark Auxiliary School Society, was held at the Horns, at Kenning- tcn, — a very respectable meeting ; the Dukes of Kent and Sussex were there, and, as usual, behaved nobly. I had to open and explain the business."
" Sixth Month 6th. — Went to the great school meet ing at Shadwell; upwards of one thousand persons were present. The Duke of Kent in the chair."
Such a good work could not be expected to pro ceed without opposition from a variety of quarters^ and from some where least deserved and anticipated. Lancaster rose up as a foe to his dearest friends. " He published in Edinburgh," writes Mr. Allen, " a narrative, full of the grossest misrepresentations and personal abuse of Fox and me, by name. It would be quite easy, by a plain statement of facts, to put him down completely; but the enemy would triumph in his exposure, and we are strongly advised to forbear."
His friend, Joseph Fox, took a similar view of the matter, urging him to be full of hope and joy, and showing a courage and affection of the most endearing character. How beautiful is the following extract
1815.] I'KKl'AKING SCHOOL REPORT.
from a letter written by him to Mr. Allen, in this time of trouble:
" If we have been permitted to have our faith ancl patience tried in various ways during the progress of the great work in which we have been engaged, we cannot say our labor has been in vain ; let us cheer each other, — we shall reap if we faint not. In the whole of the struggle, my mind has been supported by a consciousness of the close fellowship of heart which was ever to be found in you, and I hope, that so long as we arc spared in this present sphere of action, we shall be like Jonathan and David."
Another source of anxiety sprang from a skeptical spirit getting into the Committee of one of their chief Associations.
« jjth. — Intensely engaged in preparing the school report, F. Martin assisting me. We then went to the great school meeting at the old London Tavern ; Duke of Kent in the chair. Dr. Collyer read the report excellently well; the room was crowded; my spirits were much depressed, and I only said a few words on the general statement of accounts. The infidel spirit began to develop its plans, as manifested in one of the speeches; there is an effort to erect the Westminster society into