ANMAL NINA
VOL. I.
n ar an! if Pe
“YNYWNYAYNO | ALYTd
NVLNO- INVYO VIIeO9 S4AZNVdWIHO Nogals WOOINH
ji lsls Novae
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Based upon the Writings of the Eminent Naturalists,
AUDUBON, WALLACE, BREHM, WOOD, AND OTHERS
Beis ioiPcited DY ielelele
HUGH CRAIG, M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
WITH.
SIXTY-FOUR FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
Accurately and Beautifully Executed in
EIGHT COLORS AND TINTS.
VOLUME ONE.
NEW YORK: ihr _ JOHNSON & BAILEY,
114 and 116 Nassau Street.
Copyright, 1897, by Charles F. Fohnson.
WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,, PRINTERS, ELECTROTYPERS AND BINDERS, ALBANY, N. Ye
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HE work which the publisher now offers to. the public is intended to be instructive as well as entertaining, accurate as well as popular. A knowledge of zoology can be imparted without the use of technical language; in fact, the conventional vocabulary must be in great part discarded by any one who seeks to address the general public rather than a select band of scientific
students. And it is to the general public, to our clergymen, our
men of business, our workingmen, and especially to our young people, that this Natural History is dedicated. In a work with such an aim, a formal inventory and technical description of the manifold forms of animal existence would be evidently out of place; instead of investigations of the lifeless organism there must be accounts of the living creature ; instead of scientific terminology there must be language plain, clear, and direct; the information which the volume seeks to impart must be conveyed in a manner easy to comprehend, easy to remember, and generally attractive. To the attractiveness of this work the numerous beautifully-colored plates with which it is illustrated con-
tribute in no ordinary degree. The designs are original and have been prepared at unusual expense. They represent in a more vivid and striking way than mere words can depict, the shape, the habits and the habitations of the animals, as well as the colors with which Nature has adorned them and the attitudes which most distinctiy characterize them.
JOHNSON’S HOUSEHOLD Book OF NATURE aims, as has been said, to be interesting. It is hoped, however, that it will be more than a mere readable book of entertainment, and that it will not allay, but stimulate
vi PREFACE.
cariosity, and invite to a deeper and further study of the wondrous works of Nature. In this hope there have been added the technical names of each order, genus and species.
It does not require to be pointed out how fascinating a study Natural History in all its branches must ever be, or what a perpetual source of interest can be found in observing the forms and habits of the living creatures which meet our view whatever portion of the world we visit. Still more interesting and more instructive must be a knowledge of that class of Animated Nature to which man himself belongs, and which contains such friends of man as the dog that guards him, the horse that labors for him, the ox that supplies him food, and the sheep that furnishes him with clothing; till man had brought these under his dominion, how inconceivably helpless he must have been! No less instructive is it to note how the lower animals differ from or resemble Man, the crown of Nature’s work; how admirably each species is adapted for the loca- tion in which its lot is cast, and for the uses it has to fulfil in the economy of the world; how marvellously they are endowed with power and grace and beauty.
Especially in the present day is a knowledge of the elements of Natural History a necessary part of our education. This work claims to minister to the educational wants of all classes, and therefore carefully avoids discussion of unsettled points, and states nothing but incontro- vertible facts.
The order in which the various genera of the Mammalia is placed has been adopted in accordance with the most eminent authorities.
The first two chapters are devoted to an account of the system of classification of the Animal Kingdom, and therefore may prove less interesting to many readers than the following chapters, in which the different genera and species are described, and in which there is more of living interest and entertaining narrative.
HuGH CRAIG.
Sp aed 2 a 1D eal : 7
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE.
MAMMALIA. CHAPTER I.
Inanimate and Animated Nature (1)—The Mineral (1), Vegetable (2), and Animal (3) King doms—Classification of Animals (4)—The Vertebrates (4)—Classes of Vertebrates (5).
CHAPTER II. The Class Mammalia (6)—General Characteristics (7)—The “ Dental Formula” (8)—Divi sion into Orders (13).
QUADRUMANA.
CHAPTER III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The General Characteristics of Quadrumana (17)—Their Habits in their Native Haunts 18) —Their Gregarious Disposition (20)—Division of the Quadrumana (22).
CHAPTER IV. THE ANTHROPOID APES.
The African Division (23)—The Genus Troglodytes (23)—The Gorilla (23)—The Chimpanzee (27)—The Asiatic Division (32)—The Genus Simia (32)—Orang-Outan (32)—The Genus Hylo- bates or Gibbon (35).
CHAPTER V. THE OLD WORLD MONKEYS,
The Long-tailed Monkeys (41)—The Genus Semnopithecus (41)—The Proboscis Monkey (44)—The Douc (45)—The Genus Colobus (45)—The Guereza (45).
CHAPTER VI. BABOONS AND MACAQUES.
The Family Cynopithecide (47)—The Genus Myiopithecus or Talapoin (47)—The Genus Cercopithecus (47)—The Guenons (51)—The Genus Cercocebus or Mangabeys (52)—The Genus Theropithecus or Gelada (53)—The Genus Cynocephalus or Baboon (54)—The Baboon Proper (56)—The Chacma (58)—Its Use in Finding Water (58)—The Sphinx (60)—The Hamadryad (61) —Its Pugnacious Disposition (61)—Disgusting Character of the Mandrill and Drill (62).
———————— oe
viii CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII. BABOONS AND MACAQUES.—Continued.
Genus Macacus (63)—The Common Macaque (65)—The Bonnet Ape (67)—The Rhesus or Bunder (68)—The Lapander (103)—The Wanderoo (71)—The Magots (72)—The Gibraltar Mon-
‘ keys (72)—Genus Cynopithecus (74)—The Black Baboon-ape or Celebes (74).
CHAPTER VIII. THE NEW WORLD MONKEYS.
The American Monkeys or Cebidx (75)—The Genus Cebus or Sapajou (77)—The Genus Lagothrix (80)—The Spider Monkeys (81)—The Genera Ateles and Eriodes (87)—The Howling Monkeys (85)—The Sakis (89)—The Night Monkeys (g2)—The Tee-tees (94).
CHAPTER IX. THE MARMOSETS,
The Marmosets or Ouistitis (95)—The Family Hapalide (97)—The Genus Hapale (97)— The Silky Marmoset (98)—The Pinche (98)—The Dwarf Marmoset (98)—The Genus Midas (99) The Sagouins (99).
CHAPTER X. THE LEMUROIDEA,
The Indris (102)—The Lemurs (104)—The Ruffed Lemur (105)—The Cat Lemur (106)—The Hapalemur (107)—The Cheirogaleus (108)—The Loris (110)—The Tarsier Spectre (114)—The Aye-aye (115).
CHEIROPTERA.
CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The Order Cheiroptera (121)—Superstitious Dread of Bats (122)—Their Usefulness (122) —Their Flying Apparatus (124)—Their General Characteristics and Habits (124)—The Genera of the Order (127).
CHAPTER II. THE VAMPIRES
The Fruit-eating Bats or Flying Foxes (t29)—The Kalongs (129)—The Leaf-nosed Bats or Vampires (130)—The Horseshoe Bats (134)—The Rhinopoma (136).
CHAPTER III. THE TRUE BATS.
The Common Bat (137)—The Taphozous (138)—The Pipistrelle (138)—The Barbastelle (139) —The California Bat (140)—The Great Bat of Britain (140)—The New York Bat (t41)—The Carolina Bat (141)—The Hoary Bat (142)—The Long-eared Bat (142)—The Big-eared Bat (142)— The Noctilionida (143)—The Genus Nycticeius (143)—The Genus Nyctinomus (144)—The Genus Noctilio (144).
isc a diva Ore nh .
CONTENTS. ix
ENSECTIVORA.
CHAPTER I. THE FLYING LEMURS, ELEPHANT SHREWS AND PENTAIL.
Characteristics of the Order (147)—Its Division into Nine Families (148)—The Galeopithe. cide (149)—The Flying Lemurs (149)—The Macroscelidide or Elephant Shrews (151)—The Genus Rhynchocyon (152)—The Genus Petrodromus (153)—The Tupaiadz (153)—The Bangsring (154)}—The Press (154)—The Genus Hylomys (155)—The Genus Ptilocereus (155)—The Pen- tail (155) .
CHAPTER II. THE HEDGEHOGS, MOLES, AND SHREWS.
The Erinaceide (157)—The Hedgehogs (158)—The Genus Gymnura (159)—The Centetide (159)—The Tenrec and Tendrac (161)—The Genus Solenodon (161)—Thne Agouti (161)—The Potamogalidz (162)—The Chrysochloridez or Golden Moles (163)—The Talpide (163)—The Moles (163)—The Genus Talpa (163)—Genus Condylura (164)—The Star-nosed Moles (165)— The Genus Scalops or American Mole (165)—The Genus Mygale (166)—The Desmans (166)— The Urotrichus (167)—The Soricide or Shrews (168).
CARNIVORA.
CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER.
The Carnivora or Flesh-eaters (173)—General Characteristics of the Order (173)—Its Func- tion in the Economy of Nature (174)—Its Geographical Distribution (175)—Its Division into Families (175).
CHAPTER II. THE LION.
The Lion (178)—Their Size and Strength (179)—Their Roar (180)—Their Habits (180)— Different Opinions of their Character (181)—Modes of Destroying (182)—The African Lion, the Cape Lion. the Gambia Lion, the Lion of North Africa (183)—The Asiatic Lion, the Maneless Lion (183)—Tame Lions (186)—Dangerous Pets (187).
CHAPTER IIT: THE TIGER.
The Tiger (188)—Its Favorite Haunts (188)—Its Destructiveness (189)—Tiger Hunting (191) —Modes of Killing the Tiger (192)—Tame Tigers (194)—The Tiger in Ancient Times (195).
CHAPTER: IV. PANTHERS AND LEOPARDS.
The Cougar or American Panther (196)—The Jaguar (198)—Its Destructiveness (199)—A Tame Jaguar (200)—The African Leopard (201)—The Asiatic Leopard or Panther (202)—The Japanese Panther (202)—The Black Panther (203).
" Fa a enn TN ei kia
x CONTENTS.
CHAPTER. V. THE OCELOTS AND THE CATS.
The Marbled Cat (205)—The Tiger Cats (205)—The Common Ocelot (205)—The Painted Ocelot (206)—The Syra (207)—The Chati (207)—The Long-tailed Cat (207)—The Pampas Cat (207)—The Clouded Tiger (208)—The Colocolo (208)—The European Wildcat (209)—The Manui (211)—The Malay Cat (211)—The Dwarf Cat (211)—The Egyptian Cat (212)—Letting the Cat out of the Bag (212)—The Common Cat (214)—The Marten Cat (215)—The Serval (215).
CHAPTER VI. THE LYNXES AND CHEETAHS. The Genus Lynx (217)—The Persian Lynx (217)—The Caracal (218)—The European Lynx (219)—The Booted Lynx (220)—The Canadian Lynx (220)—The American Wild-Cats (222)—The Genus Cynzlurus (223)—The Cheetah or Hunting Leopard (224).
CHAPTER VII. THE CIVET CATS.
The Cryptoproctide (226)—The Galet (226)—The Viverride (227)—The Civet (228)—The Zibeth \(228)—The Genets (230)—The Pale Genet (231)—The Linsang (230)—The Hemigale (230)—The Binturong (231)—The Nandinia (231)—The Pougoune (231)}—The Musang (231)— The Masked Paguma (232)—The Mampalon (233)—The Ichneumons (233)—The Mungos or ) Mangouste (234)—The Egyptian Ichneumon (235)—The Crab-eating Mangouste (237)—The Zebra Mangouste (237)—The Meerkat (238)—The Zenick (238)—The Mangue (239)—The Banded .. Mungos (239).
CHAPTER VIII
THE AARD-WOLF AND THE HYASNAS. The Family Protelide (240)—The Aard-wolf (240)—The Family Hywnide (241)—Fables and
Superstitions about the Hyzena (241)—The Striped Hyena (242)—Two Tame Ones (243)—The Brown Hyzna (243)—The Spotted Hyzna or Tiger-Wolf (244)—Rapacity of this Species (244)— Its Horrid Laughter (245).
: CHAPTER IX.
‘ THE WOLVES.
General Description of the Genus Canis (246)—The Common European Wolf (247)—The Jackal Wolf (250)—The Kaberoo (250)—The Striped Wolf (250}—The American Wolves (251)— The Gray Wolf (251)—The Red Wolf (252)—The Coyote (253)—The South American Wolves (253)—The Crab-eating Wolf (254)—The Aguarachay (253).
CHAPTER X. THE JACKALS AND FOXES.
The Jackal (255)—fhe Landjak (256)—The Common Fox (256)—The Racoon Dog (259)— The Corsac (260)—The Caama (260)—The Fennek (260)—The American Foxes (261)—The Red Fox (261)—The Silver or Black Fox (261)—The Cross Fox (261)—The Kid Fox (262)—The Gray Fox (262)—The Arctic Fox (262)—The Blue Fox (263)—The Large-eared Fox (264)—The Hunt ing Dog (264).
Pee rele eG | : é ¥
CONTENTS. xi
CHAPTER XI. THE DOG.
The Wild Dogs (265)—The Dhole (265)—The Alpine Wolf (266)—The Domesticated Dog (266)—Regard in which the Dog is Held (267)—Abhorrence of the Dog by the Orientals (267)— The Dogs of the East (267)—The Dog in Antiquity (268)—The Mental Qualities of the Dog (268) —Its Moral Sense (269)—Its Affection for its Master (270)—Rabies or Hydrophobia (270).
CHAPTER XII. THE SPORTING DOGS,
Modes of Classification (273)—Sporting Dogs (273)—The Scotch Greyhound (273)—The Irish Greyhound (274)—The African Greyhound (274)—The Common Greyhound (275)—The Hare Indian Dog (276)—The Italian Greyhound (276)—The Stag Hound (277)—Fox Hound (277) Harrier (277)—Beagle (277)—The Otter Hound (277)—The Dachs Hund and Turnspit (278)— The Bloodhound (278)—The Pointers and Setters (279)—The Spaniels (280)—Springers (280)— Cockers (280)—Water Spaniel (280)—Chesapeake Bay Dog (281)—Retriever (281).
CHAPTER XIII. SHEPHERD'S DOGS AND HOUSE DOGS.
The Shepherd's Dog (282)—The Colley (282)—The Spitz (283)—The Esquimaux Dog (283)— The St. Bernard (284)—The Mastiff (284)—The Thibet Dog (285)—The Bulldog (285)—The New- foundland Dog (285)—The Black and Tan Terrier (288)—The Scotch Terrier (288)—The Skye Terrier (288)—The Yorkshire Terrier (288)—The Bull-Terrier (288)—The Fox Terrier (289)— The Coach-Dogs (289)—The Pug (289)—The Poodle (289)—King Charles (290)—Blenheim (290) The Mexican Mopsey (291)—The Dingo, or the Dog Relapsed into Barbarism (201).
CHAPTER XIV. THE WEASELS, OTTERS AND SKUNKS.
The Martens (293)—The Sable (294)—The American Sable (295)—The Black Cat (295)— The Polecat (29*}—The Ermine (296)—The Ferrets (296)—The New York Ermine (297)—The Mink (297)—The Weasels (298)—The Wolverene (299)—The Otters (300)—The Canada Otter (301)—The California Otter (302)—The Sea Otter (302)—The Brazilian Otter (303)—The Chinese Otter (303)—The Badgers (303)—The American Badger (304)—The Teledu (305)—The Ratel (306)—The Skunks (307)—The Zorilla (307)—The Suriho (308)—The Common Skunk (308)— The Nyentek (310).
CHAPTER XV. THE RACOONS AND PANDAS.
The Common Racoon (311)—The Crab-eating Racoon (313)—The California Coon (313)— The Coati (313)—The Red Coati (314)—The White Coati (314)—The Kinkajou (315)—The American Civet or Mountain Cat (316)—The Panda or Wah (316).
CHAPTER XVI.
THE BEARS.
The Bears (318)—The Polar Bear (318)—The Brown Bear (320)—The Syrian Bear (321)— fhe American Bears (322)—The Black Bear (322)—The Grizzly Bear (323)—The Bornean Sun Bear (325)—The Sloth or Lipped Bear (326)—The South American or Spectacled Bear (327).
xi CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII. THE EARED SEALS AND WALRUSES.
The Eared-Seals (328)—The Fur Seals and Hair Seals (328)—The Sea-Lion (329)—The Sea- Bear (329)—Value of its Fur (330)—The Fur Seals (331)—The California Hair Seal (331)—The California or Northern Sea Lion (332)—Manner of Capturing it Aliye (333)—The Walrus (334)
CHAPTER XVIII. THE TRUE SEALS.
The Common Seals (337)—Their Wide Distribution (337)—Their Habits (338)—Their Love of Music (338)—Robbin’s Reef (339)—The Caspian Seal (340)—The Hoe-Rat (340)—The Harp- Seal (340)—Richard’s Seal (341)—The Bearded Seal (341)—The Gray Seal (342)—The White- bellied Seal (342)}—The Sea Leopard (342)—The Crab-eating Seal (342)—The False Sea Leopard (343)—The Large-eyed Seal (343)—The Sea Elephant (344)—The Crested Seal (345)—The West Indian Seal (346). ~
CETACEA.
CHAPTER I. THE RIGHT WHALES.
The Cetacea (349)—The Family Balzenidz (350)—The Greenland Whale (350)—Its Mode of Respiration (351)—Its Blubber (351)—Whalebone (352)—The Young Whale (353)—Enemies of the Whale (354)—The Whale Fishery (355)—American Whalers (355)—Mode of Hunting the Whale (356}—The Harpoon and Bomb-lance (357)—Australian Right Whale (358)—Scrag Whale (358)—Biscay Whale (358)—Genus Eubalzna (358)}—Genera Hunterius, Caperia, Macleayus (359).
CHAPTER II. THE FINNER WHALES AND RORQUALS.
The Humpback or Bunched Whales (369)—The Rorquals or Big Finners (362)—Difficulty of Taking them (363)—The Northern Finner (364)—The Sulphur-bottom (364)—Adventure of the Ship ‘‘ Plymouth” (364)—The Great Indian Rorqual (365)—Ancient Accounts of it (365)—The Pike Whale (366)—The Southern Rorqual (367)—The California Gray Whale (367).
CHAPTER III. THE SPERM WHALES AND BLACK FISH.
The Family Catodontide (368)—The Sperm Whales (368)—The Spermaceti (369)—Their Speed (370)—Their Fury when Provoked (370)—The Story of the Ship ‘Essex (371)—Other Ships Destroyed by this Whale (371)—Ambergris (372)—Speculations as to its Origin (372)— Food of the Sperm Whale (372)—Black Fish (373)—The Genus Cogia (374). _
CHAPTER IV. THE BEAKED WHALES AND THE NARWHALS.
The Family Hyperoodontide (375)—The Beaked Whales (375)—The Bottle-nosed Whale (375)—The Xiphius (376)—The Family Monodontide (377)—The Narwhal (377)—The Extra-
CONTENTS. xiii
ordinary Horn (378)—Conjectures as to its Use (378)—Fables Respecting it (379)—Medicinal Properties attributed to it (379)—Value of the Narwhal to the Greenlanders (380)—Ships Struck
by it (380). CHAPTER V. THE DOLPHINS.
The Delphinidz (381)—The Soosook or Dolphin of the Ganges (382)—The Inia (383)—The Lorelei of the Amazon River (383)—The Tucuxi (384)—The Dolphins Proper (385)—Legends— Symbols (385)—The Common Dolphin (386)—The White-beaked Dolphin (387)—The Bottle- nosed Dolphin (387).
CHAPTER VI. THE PORPOISES AND. WHITE WHALES.
The Common Porpoise (388)—The Grampus, or Gladiator Dolphin (390)—Its Destructive- ness (391)—Its Name “The Thresher” (391)—The Pilot Whale, or Caaing Whale, or Grind (392)—Mode of Capturing (392)—The White Whale (393)—Specimens Exhibited in Shows (394).
XXII
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VOLUME ONE.
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aS i OE nn To
GIN Ne lS:
MAMMALIA,
CHAPTER I.
Inanimate and Animated Nature (1)—The Mineral (1), Vegetable (2), and Animal (3) King doms—Classification of Animals (4)—The Vertebrates (4)—Classes of Vertebrates (5).
CHAPTER II.
The Class Mammalia (6)—General Characteristics (7)—The “ Dental Formula” (8)—Divi sion into Orders (13).
QUADRUMANA.
CHAPTER III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The General Characteristics of Quadrumana (17)—Their Habits in their Native Haunts ’13) —Their Gregarious Disposition (20)—Division of the Quadrumana (22).
CHAPTER IV. THE ANTHROPOID APES.
The African Division (23)—The Genus Troglodytes (23)—The Gorilla (23)—The Chimpanzee (27)—The Asiatic Division (32)—The Genus Simia (32)—Orang-Outan (32)—The Genus Hylo- Dates or Gibbon (35).
CHAPTER V. THE OLD WORLD MONKEYS.
The Long-tailed Monkeys (41)—The Genus Semnopithecus (41)—The Proboscis Monkey (44)—The Douc (45)—The Genus Colobus (45)—The Guereza (45).
CHAPTER VI. BABOONS AND MACAQUES.
The Family Cynopithecide (47)—The Genus Myiopithecus or Talapoin (47)—The Genus Cercopithecus (47)—The Guenons (51)—The Genus Cercocebus or Mangabeys (52)—The Genus Theropithecus or Gelada (53)—The Genus Cynocephalus or Baboon (54)—The Baboon Proper (56)—The Chacma (58)—Its Use in Finding Water (58)—The Sphinx (60)—The Hamadryad (61) —Its Pugnacious Disposition (61)—Disgusting Character of the Mandrill and Drill (62).
ii CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII. BABOONS AND MACAQUES,.—Continued,
Genus Macacus (63)—The Common Macaque (65)—The Bonnet Ape (67)—The Rhesus or Bunder (68)—The Lapander (103)—The Wanderoo (71)—The Magots (72)—The Gibraltar Mon- keys (72)—Genus Cynopithecus (74)—The Black Baboon-ape or Celebes (74).
CHAPTER VIII. THE NEW WORLD MONKEYS.
The American Monkeys or Cebidz (75)—The Genus Cebus or Sapajou (77)—The Genus Lagothrix (80)—The Spider Monkeys (8t)—The Genera Ateles and Eriodes (87)—The Howling Monkeys (85)—The Sakis (89)—The Night Monkeys (92)—The Tee-tees (94).
CHAPTER IX. THE MARMOSETS.
The Marmosets or Ouistitis (95)—The Family Hapalide (97)—The Genus Hapale (97)— The Silky Marmoset (98)—The Pinche (98)—The Dwarf Marmoset (98)—The Genus Midas (99) The Sagouins (99).
CHAPTER X. THE LEMUROIDEA.
The Indris (102)—The Lemurs (104)—The Ruffed Lemur (105)—The Cat Lemur (106)—The Hapalemur (107)—The Cheirogaleus (108)—The Loris (110)—The Tarsier Spectre (114)—The Aye-aye (115).
CHD GR TE REA:
CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The Order Cheiroptera (121)—Superstitious Dread of Bats (122)—Their Usefulness (122) —Their Flying Apparatus (124)—Their General Characteristics and Habits (124)—The Genera of the Order (127).
CHAPTER II. THE VAMPIRES.
The Fruit-eating Bats or Flying Foxes (129)—The Kalongs (129)—The Leaf-nosed Bats or Vampires (130)—The Horseshoe Bats (134)—The Rhinopoma (136).
CHAPTER III. THE TRUE BATS.
The Common Bat (137)—The Taphozous (138)—The Pipistrelle (138)—The Barbastelle (139) —The California Bat (t40)—The Great Bat of Britain (140)—The New York Bat (t41)—The Carolina Bat (141)—The Hoary Bat (142)—The Long-eared Bat (142)—The Big-eared Bat (142)— The Noctilionidz (143)—The Genus Nycticeius (143)—The Genus Nyctinomus (144)—The Genus Noctilio (144).
CONTENTS. iil
INSECTIVORA.
CHAPTER I. THE FLYING LEMURS, ELEPHANT SHREWS AND PENTAIL.
Characteristics of the Order (147)—Its Division into Nine Families (148)—The Galeopithe- cidz (149)—The Flying Lemurs (149)—The Macroscelidide or Elephant Shrews (151)—The Genus Rhynchocyon (152)—The Genus Petrodromus (153)—The Tupaiadz (153)—The Bangsring _ (154)—The Press (154)—The Genus Hylomys (155)—The Genus Ptilocereus (155)—The Pen- tail (155)
CHAPTER II. THE HEDGEHOGS, MOLES, AND SHREWS.
The Erinaceidz (157)—The Hedgehogs (158)—The Genus Gymnura (159)—The Centetide (159)—The Tenrec and Tendrac (161)—The Genus Solenodon (161)—The Agouti (161)—The Potamogalide (162)—The Chrysochloride or Golden Moles (163)—The Talpide (163)—The Moles (163)—The Genus Talpa (163)—Genus Condylura (164)—The Star-nosed Moles (165)— The Genus Scalops or American Mole (165)—The Genus Mygale (166)—The Desmans (166)— The Urotrichus (167)—The Soricidz or Shrews (168).
CALRNIV ORA.
CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER.
The Carnivora or Flesh-eaters (173)—General Characteristics of the Order (173)—Its Func- tion in the Economy of Nature (174)—Its Geographical Distribution (175)—Its Division into Families (175).
CHAPTER II. THE LION.
The Lion (178)—Their Size and Strength (179)—Their Roar (180)—Their Habits (180)— Different Opinions of their Character (181)—Modes of Destroying (182)—The African Lion, the Cape Lion. the Gambia Lion, the Lion of North Africa (183)—The Asiatic Lion, the Maneless Lion (183)—Tame Lions (186)—Dangerous Pets (187).
CHAPTER III. THE TIGER.
The Tiger (188)—Its Favorite Haunts (188)—Its Destructiveness (189)—Tiger Hunting (191) —Modes of Killing the Tiger (192)—Tame Tigers (194)—The Tiger in Ancient Times (195).
CHAPTER LV. PANTHERS AND LEOPARDS.
The Cougar or American Panther (196)—The Jaguar (198)—Its Destructiveness (199)—A Tame Jaguar (200)—The African Leopard (201)—The Asiatic Leopard or Panther (202)—The Japanese Panther (202)—The Black Panther (203).
‘SP SRE Or) ee ee . Ls ny d
iv CONTENTS.
CHAPTER, V. THE OCELOTS AND THE CATS.
The Marbled Cat (205)—The Tiger Cats (205)—The Common Ocelot (205)—The Painted Ocelot (206)—The Syra (207)—The Chati (207)—The Long-tailed Cat (207)—The Pampas Cat (207)—The Clouded Tiger (208)—The Colocolo (208)—The European Wildcat (209)—The Manu! (211)—The Malay Cat (211)—The Dwarf Cat (211)—The Egyptian Cat (212)—Letting the Cat out of the Bag (212)—The Common Cat (214)—The Marten Cat (215)—The Serval (215).
CHAPTER VI- THE LYNXES AND CHEETAHS. The Genus Lynx (217)—The Persian Lynx (217)—The Caracal (218)—The European Lynx (219)—The Booted Lynx (220)—The Canadian Lynx (220)—The American Wild-Cats (222)—The Genus Cynzlurus (223)—The Cheetah or Hunting Leopard (224).
CHAPTER VII. THE CIVET CATS.
The Cryptoproctide (226)—The Galet (226)—The Viverride (227)—The Civet (228)—The Zibeth (228)—The Genets (230)—The Pale Genet (231)—The Linsang (230)—The Hemigale (230)—The Binturong (231)—The Nandinia (231)—The Pougoune (231}—The Musang (231)— The Masked Paguma (232)—The Mampalon (233)}—The Ichneumons (233)—The Mungos or Mangouste (234)—The Egyptian Ichneumon (235)—The Crab-eating Mangouste (237)—The Zebra Mangouste (237)—The Meerkat (238)—The Zenick (238)—The Mangue (239)—The Banded Mungos (239).
CHAPTER VIII. THE AARD-WOLF AND THE HYANAS.
The Family Protelidz (240)—The Aard-wolf (240)—The Family Hyzenide (241)—Fables and Superstitions about the Hyzna (241)—The Striped Hyzna (242)—Two Tame Ones (243)—The Brown Hyzna (243)—The Spotted Hyzena or Tiger-Wolf (244)—Rapacity of this Species (244)— Its Horrid Laughter (245).
CHAPTER IX. THE WOLVES.
General Description of the Genus Canis (246)—The Common European Wolf (247)—The Jackal Wolf (250)—The Kaberoo (250)—The Striped Wolf (250)—The American Wolves (251)— The Gray Wolf (251)—The Red Wolf (252)—The Coyote (253)—The South American Wolves (253)—The Crab-eating Wolf (254)—The Aguarachay (253).
CHAPTER X. THE JACKALS AND FOXES.
The Jackal (255)—The Landjak (256)—The Common Fox (256)—The Racoon Dog (259)— The Corsac (260)—The Caama (260)—The Fennek (260)—The American Foxes (261)—The Red Fox (261)—The Silver or Black Fox (261)—The Cross Fox (261)—The Kid Fox (262)—The Gray Fox (262)—The Arctic Fox (262)—The Blue Fox (263)—The Large-eared Fox (264)—The Hunt ing Dog (264).
CONTENTS. Vv
CHAPTER XI. THE DOG.
The Wild Dogs (265)—The Dhole (265)—The Alpine Wolf (266)—The Domesticated Dog (266)—Regard in which the Dog is Held (267)—Abhorrence of the Dog by the Orientals (267)— The Dogs of the East (267)—The Dog in Antiquity (268)—The Mental Qualities of the Dog (268) ~—Its Moral Sense (269)—Its Affection for its Master (270)—Rabies or Hydrophobia (270).
CHAPTER XII. THE SPORTING DOGS.
Modes of Classification (273)—Sporting Dogs (273)—The Scotch Greyhound (273)—The Irish Greyhound (274)—The African Greyhound (274)—The Common Greyhound (275)—The Hare Indian Dog (276)—The Italian Greyhound (276)—The Stag Hound (277)—Fox Hound (277) Harrier (277)—Beagle (277)—The Otter Hound (277)—The Dachs Hund and Turnspit (278)— The Bloodhound (278)—The Pointers and Setters (279)—The Spaniels (280)—Springers (280)— Cockers (280)—Water Spaniel (280)—Chesapeake Bay Dog (281)—Retriever (281).
CHAPTER XIII. SHEPHERD’S DOGS AND HOUSE DOGS.
The Shepherd's Dog (282)—The Colley (282)—The Spitz (283)—The Esquimaux Dog (283)— The St. Bernard (284)—The Mastiff (284)—The Thibet Dog (285)—The Bulldog (285}—The New- foundland Dog (285)—The Black and Tan Terrier (288)—The Scotch Terrier (288)—The Skye Terrier (288)—The Yorkshire Terrier (288)—The Bull-Terrier (288)—The Fox Terrier (289)— The Coach-Dogs (289)—The Pug (289)—The Poodle (289)—King Charles (290)—Blenheim (290) The Mexican Mopsey (291)—The Dingo, or the Dog Relapsed into Barbarism (291).
CHAPTER XIV. THE WEASELS, OTTERS AND SKUNKS.
The Martens (293)—The Sable (294)—The American Sable (295)—The Black Cat (295)— The Polecat (2o¢)—The Ermine (296)—The Ferrets (296)—The New York Ermine (297)—The Mink (297)—The Weasels (298)—The Wolverene (299)—The Otters (300)—The Canada Otter (301)—The California Otter (302)—The Sea Otter (302)—The Brazilian Otter (303)—The Chinese Otter (303)—The Badgers (303)—The American Badger (304)—The Teledu (305)—The Ratel (306)—The Skunks (307)—The Zorilla (307)—The Suriho (308)—The Common Skunk (308)—
The Nyentek (310). CHAPTER XV.
THE RACOONS AND PANDAS.
The Common Racoon (311)—The Crab-eating Racoon (313)—The California Coon (313)— The Coati (313)—The Red Coati (314)—The White Coati (314)—The Kinkajou (315)—The American Civet or Mountain Cat (316)—The Panda or Wah (316).
CHAPTER XVI.
THE BEARS.
The Bears (318)—The Polar Bear (318)—The Brown Bear (320)—The Syrian Bear (321)— fhe American Bears (322)—The Black Bear (322)—The Grizzly Bear (323)—The Bornean Sun Bear (325)—The Sloth or Lipped Bear (326)—The South American or Spectacled Bear (327).
vi CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII. THE EARED SEALS AND WALRUSES.
The Eared-Seals (328)—The Fur Seals and Hair Seals (328)—The Sea-Lion (329)—The Sea- Bear (329)—Value of its Fur (330)—The Fur Seals (331)—The California Hair Seal (331)—The California or Northern Sea Lion (332)—Manner of Capturing it Alive (333)—The Walrus (334).
: CHAPTER XVIII. THE TRUE SEALS.
The Common Seals (337)—Their Wide Distribution (337)—Their Habits (338)—Their Love of Music (338)—Robbin’s Reef (339)—The Caspian Seal (340)—The Hoe-Rat (340)—The Harp- Seal (340)—Richard’s Seal (341)—The Bearded Seal (341)—The Gray Seal (342)—The White- bellied Seal (342)—The Sea Leopard (342)—The Crab-eating Seal (342)—The False Sea Leopard (343)—The Large-eyed Seal (343)—The Sea Elephant (344)—The Crested Seal (345)—The West Indian Seal (346).
CETACEA.
CHAPTER I. THE RIGHT WHALES.
The Cetacea (349)—The Family Balzenidz (350)—The Greenland Whale (350)—Its Mode of Respiration (351)—Its Blubber (351)—Whalebone (352)—The Young Whale (353)—Enemies of the Whale (354)—The Whale Fishery (355)—American Whalers (355)—Mode of Hunting the Whale (356)}—The Harpoon and Bomb-lance (357)—Australian Right Whale (358)—Scrag Whale (358)—Biscay Whale (358)—Genus Eubalzena (358)}—Genera Hunterius, Caperia, Macleayus (359).
CHAPTER If. THE FINNER WHALES AND RORQUALS.
The Humpback or Bunched Whales (360)—The Rorquals or Big Finners (362)—Difficulty of Taking them (363)—The Northern Finner (364)—The Sulphur-bottom (364)—Adventure of the Ship “ Plymouth” (364)—The Great Indian Rorqual (365)—Ancient Accounts of it (365)—The Pike Whale (366)—The Southern Rorqual (367)—The California Gray Whale (367).
CHAPTER III. THE SPERM WHALES AND BLACK FISH.
The Family Catodontidze (368)—The Sperm Whales (368)—The Spermaceti (369)—Their Speed (370)—Their Fury when Provoked (370)—The Story of the Ship ‘“ Essex (371)—Other Ships Destroyed by this Whale (371)—Ambergris (372)—Speculations as to its Origin (372)— Food of the Sperm Whale (372)—Black Fish (373)—The Genus Cogia (374).
CHAPTER IV. THE BEAKED WHALES AND THE NARWHALS.
The Family Hyperoodontidz (375)—The Beaked Whales (375)—The Bottle-nosed Whale (375)—The Xiphius (376)—The Family Monodontide (377)—The Narwhal (377)—The Extra-
ih ithe) sy Bare
CONTENTS. vil
ordinary Horn (378)—Conjectures as to its Use (378)—Fables Respecting it (379)—Medicinal Properties attributed to it (379)—Value of the Narwhal to the Greenlanders (380)—Ships Struck
by it (380).
CHAPTER V. THE DOLPHINS.
The Delphinidz (381)—The Soosook or Dolphin of the Ganges (382)—The Inia (383)—The Lorelei of the Amazon River (383)—The Tucuxi (384)—The Dolphins Proper (385)—Legends— Symbols (385)—The Common Dolphin (386)—The White-beaked Dolphin (387)—The Bottle- nosed Dolphin (387).
CHAPTER Wi. THE PORPOISES AND WHITE WHALES. The Common Porpoise (388)—The Grampus, or Gladiator Dolphin (390)—Its Destructive- ness (391)—Its Name “The Thresher” (391)—The Pilot Whale, or Caaing Whale, or Grind (392)—Mode of Capturing (392)—The White Whale (393)—Specimens Exhibited in Shows (394).
SIRENIA.
THE SEA COWS.
The Order Sirenia (397)—Mermaids (397)—The Family Manatidz (398)—The Manatees of America (399)—Their Voracity and Laziness (399)—Modes of Capture (399)—Tame Specimens (399)—The Florida Manatee (400)—The African Lamantin (400)—The Eastern Dugong (400)— The Australian Dugong (401)—The Northern Sea Cows (401)—Steller’s Description (401)— Extinct since 1768 (403).
UNGULATA.
CEAR IER Ral: HOOFED ANIMALS.
The Order Ungulata (407)—The Numerous Families (407)—The Ruminants (407)—Their Peculiar Stomach (408)—Horns (408)—Antlers (408)—Extinct Species (408)—The Original Horse Protohippus (409)—Gradual Development (409)—The Family Equidz ((409)—The Genus Equus (409)—The Horse (410)—The Tarpan or Wild Horse of Tartary (410)—The Mustang or Wild Horse of America (411).
CHAPTER IL. THE ARAB AND THE BARB.
Early Domestication of the Horse (416)—The Horse in Egypt (416)—Assyria—Judza (416)— Greece—Persia (417)—Bits and Stirrups (417)—Chariot Races (417)—The Arab Horse (418)— Exaggerated Pedigrees (419)—The Best Arabs (419)—Their Training (419)—Attachment of the Arab for his Mare (420)—Speed and Endurance (421)—The Barb (422)—The Same Horse as the Arab (422)—Abd-el-Kader on the Horse (422).
vili CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III. THE RACE-HORSE AND TROTTING HORSE.
The Race-Horse (425)—The English Turf (426)—The American Turf (427)—Imported Horses (427)—The Trotting-Horse (428)—Flora Temple (431)—Steve Maxwell (432)—St, Julien and Maud S (432)—The Narragansett Pacers (432)—Pocahontas (432).
CHARTER IRV. EUROPEAN HORSES.
The Hunter (434)—The Hackney (434}—The Russian Horse (436)—The Austrian Horse (437) —The Holstein Horse (438)—The French Horse (438)—The Italian Horse (440)—The Races at Rome (440)—The Spanish Horse (440)—The Shetland Pony (441)—The Carriage Horse (443)— The Cart Horse (443)—The Percheron Horse (443),
CHAPTER V. THE WILD AND THE COMMON ASS.
The Wild Asses (445)—The Kulan or Dziggetai (445)—Their Speed (446)—Domestication (446)—The Wild Ass of the Bible (447)—The African Wild Ass (448)—The Common Ass (448) —Its Patience—Its Intelligence (449)—The Egyptian Ass (450).
CHAPTER VI. THE ZEBRAS. The Zebras or Tiger-Horses (452)—The Quagga (452)—The Dauw, or Burchell’s Zebra (453)— Harris’s Description of it (454)—The Zebra Proper (454)—Hunting the Zebra (455)—Cross- Breeds (456)—The Mule (456)—The Hinny (456)—Instances of their Fertility (457)—Darwinism
(457). CHAPRTBR Vill:
THE TAPIRS.
The Family Tapiride (458)—The American Tapir (458)—Its Trunk (459)—Its Habits (459)— The Tapir as a Domestic Auimal (460)—A Tapir Hunt (461)—Peculiar Marks of the Young Tapir (461)—The Malay Tapir (462)—Its Trunk (462)—Its Color (462)—Discovery of the Animal (462)—Chinese Account (463)—The Pinchaque (463)—Baird’s Tapir (463).
CHAPTER VIII. THE RHINOCEROS.
The Family Rhinocerotide (464)—General Description (464)—The Horn—Peculiar Struc- ture of the Horn (465)—Known to the Ancients (466)—Wood-cut by Albert Durer (406)—Arab Superstitions (466)—Haunts of the Rhinoceros (466)—A Nocturnal Animal (467)—Its Food— Its Habits (467)—1ts Senses (468)—Its Fits of Rage (468)—Maternal Affection (469)—Its Friends the Small Birds (469)}—Captive Rhinoceroses (470)—Uses of its Hide (470).
CHAPTER IX. THE ASIATIC RHINOCEROSES.
The One-horned Rhinoceroses (470)—The Indian Rhinoceros (470)—Its Thick Hide (470)— Mode of Hunting (473)—The Wara or Javanese Rhinoceros (473)—The Emperor Baber (474)—
eee ah ek eT wy a a ‘ P . v 2
CONTENTS. ix
The Two-horned Rhinoceros or Badak of Sumatra (474)—The Fire-eating Rhinoceros (476)—The Rough-eared Rhinoceros (476).
CHAPTER X. THE AFRICAN RHINOCEROS,
The Borele or Little Black Rhinoceros (477)—The Sword-Hunters of Abyssinia (479)—The Keitloa (479)—Their Fierceness (480)—The Mohogoo or White Rhinoceros (481)—Hunting Adventure of Mr. Oswell (482)—The Kobaoba (484)—Probability of its Extinction (484).
CHAPTER XI. THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.
The Hippopotamus or River Horse (485)—Description (486)—Habits (486)—Favorite Haunts (487)—Food (487)—Violence when Provoked (488)—Maternal Affection (488)—Modes of Hunt- ing (489)—Pitfalls and Downfalls (489)—Harpooning (489)—The Hippopotamus in Captivity (491)—The Small or Liberian Hippopotamus (492).
CHAPTER XII. THE PECCARIES. The Swine Family (493)—General Characteristics (493)—The Peccaries (494)—The Collared
Peccary (494)—Its Courage and Fierceness (495)—The White-lipped Peccary (495)—Its Habits (495)—Methods of Hunting the Peccary (496)—Flesh of the Peccary (497).
CHAPTER XIII. THE TRUE SWINE.
The Genus Sus (498)—Religious Prohibitions (498)—The Boar of Valhalla (499)—The Boar’s Head (499)—The Wild Boar of Europe (499)—Hunting the Wild Boar (500)—The Wild Hog of India (501)—The Domestic Hog (502)—Anecdotes of the Hog (502)—Breeds of Hogs (504)—The Berkshire (504)—Trichiniasis (504).
CHAPTER XIV. THE RIVER-HOGS, BABYROUSSA, AND WART-HOGS.
The River Hogs (506)—The Pencilled Hog (506)—The Bush Hog, or Bosch Vark (507)— Edwards’ River-Hog (508)—The Babyroussa (508)—Its Peculiar Tusks (508)—The Wart-Hogs (509)—Hideous Appearance (510)—The African Wart-Hog, or Vlacke Vark (510)—The Wart- Hog of #lian or Engallo (511).
CHAPTER XV. THE CAMEL.
The Ruminants (512)—The Camelide (512)—The Camels of the Old World (513)—The Arabian Camel, or Dromedary (514)—The Camel in the Bible (515)—The Camel in Europe (515) —The Camel in Africa (515)—Its Food (516)—Its Powers of Resisting Thirst (516)—Its speed (517)—Mode of Riding (517)—Its Behavior when Loading (518)—Its Vices (519)—Anecdote of Latif Pacha (520)—Its Value (521)—The Two-humped Camel of Bactria (522).
re US ae oe eee ee.
x CONTENTS,
CHAPTER XVI. THE LLAMAS.
The American Camelidz (524)—The Genus Auchenia (524)—The Guanaco (525)—Its Habits (526)—The Llama (527)—Its Use as a Beast of Burden (527)—The Alpaca or Paco (528)—Its Wool (528)—The Vicuna (529)—Indian Hunts (530).
CHAPTER XVII. THE MOUSE DEER.
The Tragulide or Hornless deer (532)—Disputes of Naturalists (532)—The Kanchil (532)— Its Appearance and Habits (§33)—Attempts to introduce it to Europe (534).
CHAPTER XVIII. THE DEER.
The Cervide (535)—Their Antlers (535)—The Process of Growth of the Antler (§36)—The Shedding of the Velvet (536)—Habits of the Cervide (538)—The Various Genera (538)—The Elk of the Old World or the Moose of the New World (539)—The Elk of Sweden (539)—The Moose of Canada (541)—Habits—Modes of Hunting (541).
CHAPTER XIX. THE REINDEER AND THE CARIBOU.
The Reindeer (544)—Its Life in Northern Europe (545)—Its Life in Siberia (546)—Its Life when Domesticated (547)—Its Value (547)—The Caribou (548)—Modes of Hunting it (548).
CHAPTER XX. THE TRUE DEER.
The True Deer (550)—The Wapiti (550)—The Red Deer of Europe (552)—The Virginian Deer or Carcajou (554)—The Persian Deer (556)—The Indian Species (556)—The Barasinga (556)—The Axis Deer (557)—The Sambur (557)—The Maned Stag (557)—The Hog Deer (558)— The South American Species (558)—The Pampas Deer (558)—The Red Deer or Guasupita (559).
CHAPTER XXI. THE FALLOW DEER, ROE DEER, AND MUSK DEER.
The Genus Dama (560)—Fallow Deer (560)—Genus Capreolus (562)—Roe Deer (562)— Genus Cervulus (564)—Muntjak or Kidang (564}—Genus Moschus (565)—Musk Deer (565)— Its Abode—Habits—The Musk (566).
CHAPTER XXII. THE GIRAFFE. The Camelopardalide or Giraffes (568)—Its Size and Appearance (569)—Its Habitat (570)— Its adaptation to its Location (570)—Its Movements (570)—Its Food (571)—Its Senses (572) —Giraffes in London and Paris (572)—Modes of Hunting (572)—Meaning of the Word “ Giraffe” (573).
CONTENTS. xi
CHAPTER XXIII. THE HOLLOW-HORNED RUMINANTS.
The Bovidz (574)—The Thirteen Sub-families (574)—The Bovine (575)—The Genus Bos (575)—The Domestic Ox (575)—The Wild Cattle (576)—The Cattle of the Pampas (577)— Cattle of Africa (578)—Domestic Cattle (579)—The Highland Cattle (582)—The Durham (582)—— The Alderney (582).
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE BISONS.
The Bonassus or European Bison (584)—Called also the Aurochs (584)—The Real Aurochs Extinct (584)—The Forest or Bialowicz (584)—Description of the Bonassus (585)—The Bison of the Caucasus (586)——The American Bison or Buffalo (586)—Enormous Numbers (586)—Terrible Destruction (587)—Estimate of Numbers Killed (588)—The Mountain Buffalo (589)—Death of a Bull (590). ;
CHAPTER XXV. EASTERN CATTLE.
The Domestic Cattle of India (591)—The Zebu (59t)—The Wild Cattle of India (592)—Genus Bibos (593)—The Gayal (593)—The Gaur (594)—The Banteng (595)—Genus Poephagos (595)— The Yak (595)}—The Plough Yak (596)—Hunting the Yak (597)—Genus Anoa (597)—The Chamois Buffalo or Celebes (597)—Its Fierceness (598).
CHAPTER XXVI. THE BUFFALOES.
The Genus Bubalus (599)—The Cape Buffalo (599)—Drayson’s Account (600)—Buffalo Shooting (602)—The Indian Buffalo (602)—Buffalo and Tiger Fights (603)—Williamson’s Account (604)—The Kerabau (605)—The Domesticated Buffalo (605)—Its Habits—Its Uses (606).
CHAPTER XXVII. THE ANTELOPES.
The Antelopes (607)—The Eland (607)—The Koodoo (609)}—The Bosch-bok (610)—The Nylghau (611)—The Passan (613)—-The Beisa (614)—The Sabre Antelope (614)—The Addax (614)—The Sable Antelope (615)—The Blau Bok (616).
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE GAZELLES.
The Gazelle (617)—Its Beauty and Grace (617)—The Ariel Gazelle (618)—The Jairou (619)— The Spring-Bok (620)—Its Immense Numbers (620)—The Dseren (622)—The Sasin (623)—The Pallah (624)—The Saiga (624)—The Sub-family Antilocaprine (625)—The Prong Horn (62s).
CHAPTER XXIX. THE LESSER ANTELOPES.
The Ourebi (627)—The Klippspringer (628)—The Water Buck (628)—The Blue Buck (630) —The Musk Antelope 629)—The Duyker Bok (630)—The Rhoode Bok (631)—The Chickara
Mw TOPS NE AN a4.
xil CONTENTS.
(631)—The Hartebeest (632)—The Sassaby (632)—The Gnu (633)—The Chamois (633)—The Goral (635)—The Mountain Goat of the Rocky Mountains (638).
CHAPTER XXX. GOATS AND IBEXES.
The Genus Capra (637)—The Goats (637)—The Bezoar Goat or Paseng (639)—The Cash- mere Goat (639)—The Angora Goat (640)—The Mamber Goat (641)—The Markhor and Tahir (641)—The Egyptian Goat (641)—The Ibexes (642)—The Alpine Ibex (642)—The Pyrenean Ibex (643)—The Arabian Ibex (644).
CHAPTER XXXI. THE SHEEP AND THE MUSK-OX.
The Aoudad (646)—The Moufflon (647)—The Argali (647)—The Katshkar (648)—The Big Horn (648)—Its Habits (649)—Fat-tailed Sheep (649)—The Cretan Sheep (650)—The Southdown (651)—The Leicester (651)—The Merino (652)—The Highland Sheep (653)—The Genus Ovibos (653)—The Musk-ox of North America (654).
PROBOSCIDEA,
CHAPTER I. ELEPHANTS IN GENERAL.
The Order Proboscidea—Derivation of Name (657)—The Family Elephantide (657)—Fossil Elephants—The Mammoth (657)—The Mastodon (658)—The Elephant (659)—Its Trunk—Its Tusks (660)—The Elephant in History (661)—In the East—In Rome—In Modern Times (603).
CHAPTER II. THE ASIATIC ELEPHANT.
The Asiatic Elephant (665)—Its Use (666)—Mode of Capture in Ceylon (666)—Points of a Good Elephant (669)—White Elephants (670)—Funeral of a White Elephant (670)—The Dwarf Elephant (671).
CHAPTER III. THE ELEPHANT.
The African Elephant—Difference from the Indian Elephant (672)—Hunting the Elephant (672)—Delegorgue (672)—Gordon Cumming (673)—The Abyssinian ‘“ Hock-cutters” (674)— Captive Elephants (676)—Baby Elephants (676)—Anecdotes of Elephants (677).
BLY AR ACC Oo Dinas.
THE ROCK RABBITS. The Order Hyracoidea (681)—The Genus Hyrax (681)—Its Characteristics (682).
CONTENTS. xii
ODEN TTA:
CHAPTER I. RATS AND MICE.
The Order Rodentia (687)—The Family Muridz (688)—Rats and Mice (688)—The Black Rat (688)—The Brown Rat (688)—The Mouse (68g)—The Harvest Mouse (689)—The Barbary Mouse (690)—The Hamster (690)—The Musk Rat (692)—The Water Rat (693)—The Field Mouse (693)—Wilson’s Meadow Mouse (694)—Le Conte’s Mouse (691)—The Cotton Rat (692)—The
Lemming (695). CHAPTER II.
MOLE RATS, POUCH RATS, AND BEAVERS. The Mole Rat (696)—The Jerboa (697)—The Alactaga (697)—The Cape Leaping Hare (697) —The Hudson Bay Jumping Mouse (698)—The Fat Dormouse (698)—The Common Dormouse (699)—The Pouched Rats (699)—The Beavers (7or)—The American Beaver (702)—The European
bars CHAPTER III
THE SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS.
The Family Sciuride (707)—The European Squirrel (707)—The Javanese Squirrel (708)— The Hare Squirrel (708)—The Black Squirrel (708)—The Gray Squirrel (708)—The Northern Gray Squirrel (709)—The Red Squirrel (70o9}—The Long-haired Squirrel (710)—The Flying Squirrel (710)—The American Flying Squirrel (711)—The Taguan (711)—The Chipmuck (712)— The Leopard Marmot (713)—The Marmot (714)—The Babac (715)—The Woodchuck (715)—The
Prairie Dog (716). ‘CHAPTER IV.
THE SEWELLELS, PORCUPINES, AND CAVIES.
The Family Haploodontide (718)—The Family Chinchillide (718)—The Chinchillas and Visachas (719)—The Octodontidz (720)—The Hutia Conga (720)—The Degu (721)—The Tuko- tugo (722)—The Gundy (722)—The Coypu (723—The Ground Pig (723)—The Canadian Porcu- pine (724)—The Tufted-tailed Porcupines (726)—The Agouti (726)—The Sooty Paca (727)—The Capybara (727)—The Guinea Pig (728)—The Mara (728)—The Pikas (729).
CHAPTER V. HARES AND RABBITS.
The Family Leporidz (730)—The American Hares (730)—The Polar Hare (730)—The North- ern Hare (731)—The Wood Hare (731)—The Jackass Rabbit (731)—The African Hares (731)— The Sand Hare (732)—The Common Hare (732)—The Alpine Hare (733)—The Rabbit (733)— The Wild Rabbit (734)—The Domestic Rabbit (734).
ED EON TAT A.
CHAPTER I. THE SLOTHS AND ARMADILLOS.
The Edentata (737)—The Sloths (737)—The Two-toed Sloth (738)—The Ai or Three-toed Sloth (738)—The Spotted Sloth (739)—The Scaly Ant-eaters (739)—The Phatagin (739)—The
XiV CONTENTS.
Pangolin (740)—The Tatouhon (740)—The Giant Armadillo (740)—The Tatouay (741)—The Armadillo (741)—The Apar (741)—The Picheogo (742).
CHAPTER II. THE AARD VARK AND ANT-EATERS.
The Aard Vark of the Cape (743)—The Great Ant-eater or Tamanoir (744)—The Tamandua (745)—The Little Ant-eater (746).
MARSUPIALIA.
CHAPTER I. THE OPOSSUMS AND BANDICOOTS.
The Marsupials (749)—The True Opossum (749)—The Virginia Opossum (750)}—Merrian’s Opossum (750)—The Crab-eating Opossum (750)—The Yapock (750)—The Pouched Mouse (751) The Tasmanian Devil (751)—The Native Cat (751)—The Zebra Wolf (752)—The Native Ant- eater (752)—The Striped Bandicoot (752)—The Chzropus (753).
CHAPTER II. THE KANGAROOS, PHALANGERS, AND WOMBATS.
The Kangaroo (754)—The Woolly Kangaroo (755)—The Wallabee (755}—The Rock Kan- garoo (755)—The Tree Kangaroo (756)—The Kangaroo Hare (756)—The Jerboa Kangaroo (756) =The Potoroo (757)—The Koala (757}—The Sooty Phalangist (757)—The Valpine Phalangist (758)—The Cuscus (758)—The Taguan (758)—The Great Flying Phalanger (759)—The Sugar Squirrel (759)—Opossum Mouse (759)—The Wombat (760).
MONOTREMATA.
THE DUCK MOLE AND AUSTRALIAN HEDGEHOG.
The Monotremata (763)—The Family Ornithorhynchide (763)—The Duck Mole (763)—The Family Echidnide (765)—The Native Hedgehog (766)—The Tasmanian Species (766)—Con- clusion,
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xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 8 oe ne
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‘to 1
CHAPTER I.
INANIMATE AND ANIMATED NATURE—THE MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS— CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS—THE VERTEBRATES—CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES,
HE first and simplest division which an observer must make in the infinite variety of natural objects by which he is surrounded is a division between things living or ANIMATED and things
lifeless or INANIMATE. He sees the corn springing up from the seed, increasing to maturity, then withering ; he sees the tree shooting heaven- ward, towering higher and spreading wider year after year till a pause comes to its development, and then he sees its branches decay and its trunk moulder, and knows that the giant of the forest, like the grass of the field, will fade and die. He knows, too, that the beasts of the earth, the birds of the air, the fishes of the sea, all the thousand tribes of creatures which people the globe, will pass, like the tree or plant, from the seed to maturity, from maturity to death. He knows that man him- self is no exception to this law of change; that he grows to manhood and declines into old age; that from the cradle to the grave he changes surely and uninterruptedly day by day, and year by year. But the cliffs which lift their heads to the clouds, the rocks which crop out from the hill- side, the stones he treads on, present no such phenomena of growth or decay. Man may shatter them, earthquakes may rend them, frost may disintegrate them, rain may wash them, but the alterations thus effected are merely physical results of physical causes acting from without, not the results of an indwelling force in rock or stone: even when, as in the case of crystals, an increase of size takes place, this increase is not a growth from within but an augmentation by the addition of particles from the outside. The MINERAL KinGDom is a kingdom of the dead. If we examine the bodies comprehended in the MINERAL KINGDOM more closely, we find that, in addition to the entire absence of any tendency to periodic change, they are characterized by possessing a very simple chemical composition; they often consist of only one ele-
2 INANIMATE AND ANIMATED NATURE.
ment, or if they are composite, they are simple compounds of two or three elements. We find, too, that mineral bodies are either of indefinite shape or crystalline, and that they are composed of similar particles which do not stand in any definite relation to each other. In technical language they are amorphous and homogeneous bodies.
Every substance which has yet been examined is found to consist of one or more elements. These elements, sixty-three in number, are divided into forty-nine metals and fourteen non-metals; in the latter class are placed those substances which at ordinary temperatures are gaseous in form, such as oxygen, hydrogen and_ the like, as well as some solid bodies, such as sulphur, phosphorus and carbon. All the known elements occur variously dispersed in the solid mass of the earth, only four in the air, but thirty in the sea. Among the compounds of these elements there is a very peculiar class which form a characteristic and essential portion of the bodies of animals. These compounds are of very complicated constitution; they do not crystallize, but exist in a jelly-like form. They all contain sulphur, and most of them phosphorus, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. To a substance closel¥ allied to these albuminous compounds, the name of “protoplasm” has been given, and apparently no other form of matter can manifest what we call vital phenomena.
Leaving INANIMATE NATURE to be discussed and described in trea, tises of Geology, Mineralogy, Chemistry or Physics, let us cast a further look on the division to which we have attributed LIFE.
We observe that these bodies pass through sundry periodic changes, that they grow and decay, and that although subject to the universal physical and chemical laws, they possess a something which enables them to resist or check these laws. We see they increase, not by the mere external addition of particles from outside, but by the assimilation of foreign substances which they take into their interior ; and if we continue our observation of them for a sufficient length of time, we discover that they can produce germs which, circumstances favoring, will develop into the likeness of their parent. In other words, we see that they possess organs of nutrition and reproduction. If we examine further these bodies which possess life, we find that the chemical elements of which they are composed form complex organic compounds which differ funda- mentally from any inorganic compound by exhibiting an organised structure. Such an organized structure is seen in the simple cell, the
THE MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS. 3
germ of living organisms; it cannot be prepared artificially from its elementary constituents, but is the sole and direct product of life. All bodies possessing life consist essentially of cells, minute solid particles and fibres.
Again, in these living bodies the ordinary spectator perceives at once a great and striking difference. The grass indeed waves in the wind, the trees bow to the tempest, the flower turns to the light, the sensitive plant shrinks from the touch. But the snake creeps through the grass, the birds fly from tree to tree, the bee or the butterfly hovers over the flower, the seas and rivers are filled with creatures that swim through the waters. Such bodies not merely live, but live and move. The tree seems not to feel a pang when the woodman’s axe cuts into its tissues, the grass does not apparently feel the scythe, but the moving creatures are susceptible of pain and pleasure. They not merely live, but live and move and feel.
Linnzus, the father of Natural History, said that “Plants grow, animals grow and move,” and his definition will suffice for the higher classes of animals and plants; but modern microscopic investigations show that it will not do for the lower classes. Many of the plants possess powers of locomotion, many of the animals are rooted to solid objects and destitute of any nervous organization. Perhaps the most reliable test which enables us to distinguish between the animal and the plant is the nature of their food, although even this test is not of universal application.
We may distinguish, then, between the VEGETABLE and ANIMAL KINGDOMS by saying that the plant lives on wnxorganized materials, espe- cially carbonic acid, water, ammonia and salts, organizing them and evolving oxygen, while the animal lives upon organized materials taking up oxygen and evolving carbonic acid. The animal cannot produce the complicated chemical compounds it needs for its structure, the plant can do so. Without sunlight the plant cannot grow or assimilate carbon and eliminate oxygen; without vegetables the animal cannot live. Thus, in literal truth as well as in ancient fable, we are the children of the sun.
Abandoning the VEGETABLE KINGDOM with all its marvels and beau- ties to the BOTANIST, let us confine ourselves to the ANIMAL KINGDOM, to creatures which live and move and feel.
It is at once obvious that the number of living beings which swarm on the earth, in the air, in the water, is so vast and enormous that some
4 INANIMATE AND ANIMATED NATURE.
classification is absolutely necessary if we wish to acquire a clear knowledge of the Animal Kingdom as a whole. The simplest system of classification is that named morphological (from the Greek words morphe form, and /ogos science), by which animals that are constructed on the same plan are placed in the same group. The first grand division we make is between animals that have a backbone, the VERTEBRATA, and animals that have no backbone, the INVERTEBRATA.
THE INVERTEBRATA are divided into five sub-kingdoms: PROTOZOA, structureless jelly-like creatures of minute size; CGi:LENTERATA, animals without a heart or nervous system, such as the ordinary “Sea Nettle”; ANNULOIDA, a class which contains the “ Star-fishes”’ and “ Tape-worms”; ANNULOSA, animals composed of different segments arranged one behind the other; to this sub-kingdom belong forms so widely different to the eyes of the superficial observer as “ Earth-worms,” “ Lobsters,” “ Spiders,” “Bees”? and “ Butterflies.” Lastly, the Mou.Lusca, of which the best known are the “ Oyster” and the “ Snail.”
The VERTEBRATA are so-called from the Latin word vertebra (joint of the backbone), and possess a backbone made of many parts joined together. Each joint consists of a central portion which helps to give rigidity to the body and support to the limbs. On the upper part of this central portion are certain projections, called in technical language processes, that form a protection to the spinal cord; on the lower part are similar processes which cover the great descending artery. The joints of this backbone from the top of the neck to the end of the tail are made up of similar parts. In the neck we do not find ribs, but the rudiments of ribs. In the back the lower bony processes are elon- gated into ribs; in the loins the processes again degenerate; in the haunches they become confluent with bones that form a cylndzical covering for the softer vessels, and offer a strong fulcrum for the lower limbs. Nay more, the skull is made up of parts corresponding to four vertebre.
The nervous system of the Vertebrates consist of the évazz, enclosed in the bony cavity of the skull, and the spzxa/ cord, whence spring at inter- vals symmetrical pairs of nerves distributed to the voluntary muscles. The organs of sense become more perfect, the eyes are invariably two in number, and sagacity is developed in proportion as the nervous centres expand. The blood is red, and the temperature of the body higher than that of the surrounding medium. But this temperature differs so much
CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES. 5
in the various classes of Vertebrates, that they are sometimes distin- guished into COLD-BLOODED and Hor-BLOODED Vertebrate.
To the COLD-BLOODED Vertebrata belong the countless race of PIsCEs, or FISHES. They breathe by gills; the heart is usually of two chambers; the limbs when present become fins. The AMPHIBIA have gills and a two-chambered heart when young; when old, lungs and a heart of three chambers; the limbs never become fins. The REPTILES have lungs, not gills, a three-chambered heart, and the skin covered with plates or scales.
The HoT-BLOODED Vertebrata contain two classes: AVES, or birds, and MAMMALIA. In the birds the lungs are connected with air recep- tacles in various parts of the body; the heart consists of four chambers; the skin is covered with feathers; the forearms become wings. Like fishes and reptiles, birds are ovdparous or egg-layers. The MAMMALIA form the subject of this volume.
The subjoined table will show the method of division or classification that we have adopted in order to narrow our field of view from the world at large down to that portion of its inhabitants to which we our- selves belong. CLASSES are divided again into Orders; ORDERS sub- divided into Genera, and GErNUS into Species. SPECIES may be so _modified by accidental external circumstances as to give rise to Varieties, and VARIETIES embrace more or fewer INDIVIDUALS.
Kingdoms, Sub-Kingdoms. Classes. MINERAL VEGETABLE é { INVERTEBRATE | I. Fishes. ANIMAL........ Cold-blooded...... II. Amphibia. i ee III. Reptiles. fot-blooded. ...... IV. Birds. V. Mammalia,
INOS 33a eS —
Ee PSEA SSDS
CRAP TER LE
THE CLASS MAMMALIA—GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS—THE “‘DENTAL FORMULA”— DIVISION INTO ORDERS.
HE name MAMMALIA is derived from the Latin word mamma,
“a teat,” and signifies animals that have teats. The possession
of these organs constitutes the most apparent and decisive dis- tinction between the Mammalia and the other classes of animals. They alone bring forth their young alive and suckle them with their milk. The fishes cast their spawn upon the waters, careless of their future off- spring. The reptile leaves its eggs to be hatched by the sun’s ray, and so far exercises some degree of forethought for its posterity. The bird sits patiently on her nest till her fledglings appear from the egg, and then tenderly watches over them, feeds them, and gathers them under her wings. But the mammal brings forth her young alive, and nourishes them at the living fountain of her breast.
While all mammals possess teats, the number and position of them vary. Some, like the cow, have them on the belly ; some, like man, have them on the breast; some, like the sow, have them on both. In general, the number of these teats corresponds to the number of young each animal bears at a birth.
The Mammalia vary greatly in size. How enormous is the difference in this respect between the elephant and the mouse, or between the whale and the bat, between the giraffe and the mole. Yet all are con- structed on the same plan. In all the vertebrates, as we have said, the skull consists of modifications and developments of parts corresponding to four vertebrz ; in all the mammalia the number of the neck vertebrze are the same. Seven vertebre form the neck of the giraffe as well as that of the seemingly neckless whale. In birds, on the contrary, the number of vertebrze increase with the length of the neck. The vertebrze in the back vary in number from ten to twenty-three, the commonest number being thirteen; man, however, has only twelve. The vertebrz
wee
THE SKELETON AND LIMBS. Y/
in the loins are commonly seven; man possesses five, but some animals have as many as nine or as few astwo. The sacral vertebrz are amal- gamated in most cases into a single bone, and the vertebrz of the tail vary from four to forty-six in number, and are usually freely movable on each other. The number of ribs varies with the number of the dorsal or back vertebre.
The limbs are the members in which the greatest differences are seen. The regular number is four, and hence this class, the mammalia, are sometimes called Quadrupeds, or four-footed things. We must remem- ber, however, that many reptiles walk on four legs, and that in some genera of mammalia the hind limbs are either wanting or entirely rudi- mentary. The fore-limbs also exhibit striking differences in the various classes; the hand in the ape becomes in the cat a paw, and in the horse a single hoof; the fingers in one animal are five in number, in another only one is found.
This skeleton, this bony framework, is moved by muscles which lie close to the bones and move them in diverse directions. To describe the muscular or other tissues is the function of the anatomists, and who- ever desires to have a perfect knowledge of their wonderful constitution must consult some treatise on Anatomy. Such descriptions are out of place here; it is sufficient for us to remark that the muscles stand in the strictest harmony with the peculiarities of the skeleton and the animal's mode of life, which mode of life both influences and is influenced by the figure of the animal. In some, one muscle is wanting, in others, another ; the whales, for example, have no neck muscles, the apes have them developed as in men. Animals that climb, or burrow, or fly, or prey, have immense muscles to the upper arm; those that run have immense muscles of the rump and shoulder. In brief, each creature is provided as befits its mode of life, or its mode of life has developed the fitting provision.
A like variation is seen in the organs of nutrition. The mouth with fleshy, sensitive lips is a characteristic feature of all except the small order of the Monotremata. The teeth vary remarkably both in number and shape. Like the hoof or foot, the teeth are admirably adapted in the case of each species to enable it to support its existence; and hence these two features form a convenient basis for classification. Teeth indeed are wanting in the scaly and great ant-eaters, and are found in the whale only before it is born, but the great majority of mammals
8 MAMMALIA.
possess teeth invariably planted in distinct sockets in the jaw; in most cases the young animal has m7/é ¢eeti, which are ultimately succeeded by permanent teeth. In man the teeth may be divided into four groups: the incisors or Cutting teeth in front, the canine or eye-teeth, the false molars, and the back teeth or mo/ars. The number of teeth in any animal is usually expressed by what is called the “ Dental Formula.” We know that in each half of each jaw there is a like number of teeth; hence we have in man the “ dental formula” as follows:
fee i Se PS =
2—2 I—1 2—2 3-3 where I. denotes zzczsors ; C., canine; F.M., false molars ; M., true molars ; the figures above the line the number of teeth in the upper jaw ; those in the lower line, in the lower jaw; the first numbers in each group, the teeth in the left; the second ones, the teeth in the right jaw ; the final figures, the total number of teeth inthe mouth. The same dental formula is given for the chimpanzee, but what a difference it presents to that of the ruminant or cud-chewing animal! The dental formula of the sheep, for example, is
ie oe: Fs Me 28 iy oS eae
, > = iat ho — Sian 3 ae Shae Siem
Thus we see at a glance that while the sheep has as many teeth as our. selves, they are widely different from ours in position. In the upper jaw the incisors and canines are wanting; the false molars are three in each side, while we have but two; the molars in both jaws are as numeroug as our own; in the lower jaw there are three incisors on each side against our two, and the same number of canines as we possess.
In the Carnivora, or flesh-eating animals, the molars assume a cutting character, while in those that feed on herbage, the Herbivora, the molar structure prevails. In the Rodentia, or gnawing animals, such as rats or squirrels, the incisors project forward and are continually growing; in the e/ephant there are no lower incisors, but the upper incisors, two in number, grow into enormous tusks. In the adult whale, the teeth are replaced by the whalebone plates.
The digestive organs of the Mammalia do not differ to any great extent. They possess one stomach with the exception of the Rum¢nantia, or cud-chewers, which have four, the first three of which are so arranged
THE HEART AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 9
as to allow the food to be returned with ease into the mouth. The intes- tines vary in length considerably. In the Carnzvora, or flesh-eaters, their length is only three or four times the length of the animal’s body ; in the Herbivora, or grass-eaters, they are from twelve to twenty-eight times their length. It is worthy of notice, as indicating how a change in struc-
~ ture may be developed by change of food and habits, that the intestines - of the common cat whom domestic life has accustomed to a less carniv-
orous diet, are longer than those of its wild and bloody kindred.
The heart of the Mammalia is a double heart, consisting of two auricles and two ventricles, which are provided with valves so arranged that the blood can flow from the auricle into the ventricle, but not from the ventricle to the auricle. The course of the blood through this organ may be briefly described. The venous blood that has become impure in the tissues is returned by them to the right auricle, and is then dis- charged into the right ventricle. The powerful muscles of the heart thence propel it to the lungs, where it meets the air taken in by respira- tion and is changed into arterial blood. From the lungs it is drawn back into the left auricle, passes into the left ventricle, and is thence forced through the arteries to all parts of the body, and then by means of the exceedingly fine vessels called capillaries, passes again once more into the veins.
Venous blood is changed into arterial blood in the lungs, where it absorbs the oxygen of the air. The /ungs are two in number, one on each side of the chest, and communicate by the bronchial tubes and the trachea, or windpipe, with the outer air. The windpipe we can all feel in the front of our necks; it divides in the chest into the two bronchial tubes, and they are subdivided into an infinite number of little rootlets that enter into the substance of the lung.
The air is taken into and discharged from the lungs by the operation of breathing; and breathing is effected by the elevation and depression of the ribs and the contraction and relaxation of the flat, powerful mus- cular partition which separates the cavity containing the stomach and the intestines from the chest, which contains the heart and lungs. The air we inhale enters the lungs laden with oxygen; the air we exhale leaves them laden with carbonic acid gas.
The d/o0d, which the lungs renew and the heart distributes, is of a light red color. It is the substance which animates the whole being, and from which all the complex structures of the body are formed. Blood
10 MAMMALIA.
when freshly-drawn is of a uniform appearance; if it is allowed to stand, a dark red mass called the clot rises to the surface, the fluid below, named serum, becomes colorless. This process of coagulation occupies about twenty minutes, and during it a peculiar odor is emitted. The upper part of the clot is covered with a film of fibrous matter called fibrin; the remainder consists of myriads of small, round bodies called corpuscles, which can be readily seen by examining a drop of blood under the microscope. These blood corpuscles are circu/ar in the Mammalia, while in the other Vertebrates they are elliptical, and even in the class of Mammalia the distinction between the blood of the various orders is so marked as to .enable a practised eye to indicate the kind of animal from which it has been taken.
Under the microscope the blood corpuscles are seen to consist of two classes, red and colorless corpuscles; and Huxley writes, “The inverte- brate animals which have true blood corpuscles, possess only such as resemble the colorless corpuscles of man. The lowest vertebrate ani- mals possess only colorless corpuscles. Vertebrate animals, the young of which are born from eggs, have two kinds of corpuscles, colorless ones and red ones, oval in shape and possessing a nucleus. All the animals which suckle the young (the Mammalia) have, like man, two kinds of corpuscles, colorless ones and small colored corpuscles, the latter being always flattened and devoid of any nucleus. They are usually circular, but in the camel tribe they are elliptical. In the vertebrate series the colorless corpuscles differ much less from one another in size and form than the colored. The latter are smallest in the little musk deer, in which animal they are about a quarter as large as those of a man. On the other hand, the red corpuscles are largest in the Amphibia, in some of which animals they are ten times as long asin man.” The blood is the product not of one organ, but of all; and it is profoundly affected by the circumstance that every part of the body takes something from the blood and pours something into it. “The blood may be compared to a river, the nature of which is determined by that of the head-waters, and by that of the animals which swim in it, but which is also much affected by the soil over which it flows, by the water-weeds which cover its banks, and by affluents from distant regions, by irrigation works which are sup- plied from it, and by drain-pipes which flow into it.”
We have gone somewhat fully into detail respecting the blood, because “the Blood is the Life.”
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. II
The teats or mamme from which this class derives its technical name, are supplied with the milk which supports the young by glands con- sisting of bunches of tiny cells. These by means of very small tubes pour their secretions into larger vessels, which unite into five or six principal vessels, that are capable of enlargement according to the amount of milk which they are called upon to hold. These reservoirs become smaller towards the mamma or teat, and serve as tubes for the convey- ance of the milk into the mouth of the young.
As regards the organs of sense, that of sight is perhaps more highly developed in birds than in any other class of animals, but the others are generally most highly developed in the Mammalia. Especially is this the case with the sense of touch, which reaches its highest delicacy in the human hand. The sense of taste varies according as the animal is HERBIVOROUS, CARNIVOROUS, or INSECTIVOROUS.
These various senses convey intelligence of the external world to the brain, and from the brain the voluntary muscles receive their orders to exercise their various functions. The brain which receives this inteili- gence and issues these directions, together with the multitudinous chan- nels through which they are conveyed, belongs to the Mervous System. From the great nerve mass, the drain, protected by the bony armor of the skull, there runs the great cord of nervous matter, the spinal cord, which, defended by the vertebrae, extends along the back, giving out branches of various sizes. These nerves are composed of fibres, and those fibres which form the anterior root of a nerve give rise to motion, and those which form the posterior root give rise to sensation. This nervous sys- tem, then, not only enables us to move our bodies and to know what is going on in the external world, but enables us to discriminate nutri- tious from innutritious matters, tells us when food is needed, gives us the power to seize and kill, guides the hand to the mouth or the mouth to the food, and governs all the movements of the jaws and of the alimentary canal—it rules the vital actions.
The drain varies considerably in size ; in some Mammalia it resembles the brain of birds, but as we rise in the scale it quickly changes from the less to the more perfect, and displays convolutions which in number and extent are proportionate to the intelligence of the animal.
The intelligence of man and the intelligence of the brute creation have been distinguished by the names of Reason and Justinct respectively. A distinction like this is convenient, and unobjectionable if we remem-
12 MAMMALIA.
ber that it implies only difference in the degree, not in the kind of intel- ligence. Animals possess memory, can distinguish objects, have per- ceptions of time, place, color and sound; can learn, apprehend, judge and conclude. Like man, they learn by experience, they perceive danger and devise means to avoid it, they like and dislike, love their friends and benefactors, hate their enemies and ill-doers; they exhibit gratitude, loyalty, respect and contempt, anger and gentleness, cunning and saga- city, deceitfulness and honesty; some think before they act, some stake life and liberty to gratify their impulses. Animals comprehend the benefits of association, and sacrifice themselves for the good of their society ; they tend their sick, support the weak, divide their food with the hungry; they can subdue their desires and passions, and have an independent will. They can recall the past, and forecast the future, for which they save and provide. In character, too, animals differ widely. They are daring or timid, bold or cowardly, open or sly, proud or hum- ble, trusting or suspicious, docile or stupid, servile and tyrannous, lovers of peace or lovers of strife, merry or sad, joyous or melancholy, fond of or averse to society, friends to each other or foes of all the world.
Their characters are altered and their faculties developed by educa- tion. The horse, the dog, the ox, the elephant display, when tamed and trained by man, powers which their wild kindred never exhibit.
The Geographical distribution of animals has attracted much attention, but any detailed classification of animals according to their location would, we think, be needless in this work. We may remark generally, that the Quadrumana inhabit the Tropics, but the families in the Western Hemisphere are different from those that dwell in the Eastern; the Marsupials are most abundant in Australia, with some genera in America. There are no £dentata in Europe, nor any native Rumzinantia in Aus- tralia. The Chetroptera, Carnivora, Rodentia, and Cetacea are citizens of the world.
We have not yet spoken of the external covering of most tribes of Mammalia. Their coats vary both in color and thickness according to the dwelling-places and habits of the wearer; from the stripes of the tiger to the white fur of the polar bear. This external coat consists of hair, which in the sheep becomes wool, in the swine bristles, in the hedgehog prickles, in the porcupine quills; the scales, nails and horns which some orders possess are formed by the close contact of the roots of the hair, whose horny filaments join firmly together and compose solid
CLASSIFICATION, 13
flakes. Asa general rule, the coat falls off in spring or autumn and is replaced by new hair.
In one very striking point, ¢e voice, the Mammalia are far inferior to the birds. Man, indeed, possesses a voice that can produce articulate and melodious sounds, but his fellow mammals are a tuneless and songless race, and their tones have no charm for us. The voice of most of them is disagreeable, and becomes more so when the animal is excited. Love, which bids the bird warble its melodious lays, only makes the voice of the mammal more unpleasing. Compare the notes of our feathered denizens of the air and the amatory serenades of the domestic cat. We admire indeed the poet’s verse that tells us how
“The lowing herd winds slowly o’er the lea,”
but we admire it as a picture of evening; it is not the “lowing,” but the idea of return from labor that please us. “Lowing”’ in itself is as inhar- monious as the bleating of sheep, the grunting of swine, the braying of the ass. The voice of all mammals, excepting man, is rough, dissonant, devoid of flexibility, and not susceptible of cultivation.
We must now proceed to enumerate the orders into which all the animals comprehended in the class MAMMALIA are divided. Without such a further classification we should be in a labyrinth “in endless mazes lost.” We will, however, first give as briefly as possible a defini- tion of the class.
“The MAMMALIA form a class of VERTEBRATE animals. They bring forth their young alive and nourish them with milk. They breathe by means of lungs; their heart is four-chambered; the appendages to the skin take the form of hair.”
The basis of classification of the Mammalia has been a subject of frequent discussion. The first and most obvious division is into PLa- CENTAL and NoNn-PLACENTAL Mammals; in the former the unborn young are nourished by means of the f/acenta, and are not born till they are able to obtain their natural food, milk, by their own exertions. In the latter, the young are born before there is any necessity for a pla- centa to supply them with the nutrient materials of the mother's blood ; they are born so helpless that they cannot suck, but the milk is forced into their mouths by a muscle surrounding the mammary gland. But these grand divisions are too large, for the class of placental mammals embraces animals so diverse as man and whales, bats and elephants,
14 MAMMALIA.
sheep and tigers. Commencing, then, with the creatures most like man, we arrange Our ORDERS in a descending scale. The technical Latin names will be explained at the beginning of our account of each order.
CLASS MAMMALIA.
PLACENTAL DIVISION.
OrpER I—QUADRUMANA., ORDER VII.—UNGULATA. IIl.—CHEIROPTERA. VIII.—PROBOSCIDEA. IIIL—INSECTIVORA, IX.—HYRACOIDEA. IV.—CARNIVORA. X.—RODENTIA. V.—CETACEA. XIL—EDENTATA. VI—SIRENIA.
NON-PLACENTAL DIVISION.
OrpEer XII.—MARSUPIALIA. Orper XII]—MONOTREMATA,
The above arrangement is in accordance with the conclusions of the most eminent naturalists of the present day, and is undoubtedly the most convenient for a popular exposition of the Natural History of the Mam- malia. We may mention, however, that many scientific writers separate the Ruminantia from the Ungulata, that some form Ruminantia, Ungulata and Proboscidea, and some only the two latter, into an order called PACHYDERMATA.
OR DER, 1:
OUA DK UM ANA.
QUADRUMANA OR PRIMATES.
I1.—ANTHROPOIDEA.
> SIMIAD AD 22) = 9-4-0 = TANTHROROID PARES,
. SEMNOPITHECID - - - OLD WorRLD MONKEYS.
. CYNOPITHECIDA - - - BABOONS AND MACAQUES. CEBIDA “=. 27, = 72) NEw Worep MoNKnys: . HAPALIDA = = = = = = MARMOSETS:
IL—LEMUROIDEA.
EE MUIR DAS ae ban =) =e MUIRS: DARSTED A ato e a eon cowie ARSIERS, . CHEIROMYIDAD “= —-) = = -AvE=AVES:
CREE Pr. Ti. 7S
THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF QUADRUMANA—THEIR HABITS IN THEIR NATIVE HAUNTS— THEIR GREGARIOUS DISPOSITION—DIVISION OF THE QUADRUMANA.,
HE word Quadrumana is formed from two Latin words, guattuor,
“four,” and szanus, “a hand,” and means, therefore, “ four-
handed.” To this order belong all the monkey tribes; and a comparison of the foot of a monkey with that of a man will indicate the reason why they are called “ four-handed,” while man is called in scientific language a dzmanous (from the Latin dznus, “two,” and manus, a ‘“‘hand”’), or two-handed animal. In man the upper limbs terminate in a hand consisting of four fingers and a thumb, which thumb is capable of being ““opposed”’ to each of the fingers. By “opposed” is meant that the thumb is so adjusted as to grasp objects between itself and the fingers. This arrangement is extended in the Quadrumana to the hind limbs; the inner or great toe is opposable to the other toes, the hind feet become hands and can grasp objects as easily and firmly as the human hand does. Such a construction enables the animals possess- ing it to climb with ease, and hence we find that the favorite home of this order is in the woods and forests of the warmer regions of the two hemispheres.
From the very earliest ages the extraordinary resemblance of the monkey tribes to man has attracted the curiosity of mankind. The ancient Egyptians sculptured their forms on their granite monuments, and reverenced some species as gods. The modern Arabs regard them as the progeny of the evil one, for whom nothing is sacred, nothing venerable, who have been cursed since the day when God changed them from man into apes, and who still bear in strange combination the form of the devil and of man. We of the present day look upon them with mixed feelings. The caricature of the human form and human faculties which they exhibit is tolerable to us in the smaller, playful species,
18 QUADRUMANA.
abhorrent in the larger, wilder kinds. They are at once too like and too unlike ourselves. Like man, they can stand upright; like man, they have hands, a hairless face, and eyes looking directly forward. Yet even these hands, so like ours to the ordinary eye, are not the admirable instrument possessed by man; the thumb is shorter and more widely separated from the fingers, and the fingers cannot act separately like a man’s. The haggard, hairy body, the long arms, the thin, calfless legs, the small, receding skull, and the thin, in-drawn lips, are all character- istics of the ape, the very opposite of those found in man.
Morally as well as physically, the apes eonstitute the “seamy side’ of man. They are malicious, cunning, sensual, greedy, thievish, easily provoked to rage, and have human vices and defects. But they are not without what we name virtues. They are sagacious, cheerful, social, devotedly fond of their offspring, and display striking compassion towards the sick and weak. Intellectually they are neither so much higher than other animals, nor so much lower than man, as is commonly maintained. The possession of a hand gives them great advantages over the rest of the animal kingdom, they have a strong tendency for imitating, and are easily taught actions which no other animals can perform. And if we compare the mental qualities of the ape with those of the dog, to the disadvantage of the former, we must remember that man has been for thousands of years training and educating the dog, while the ape has had no opportunity of enjoying the elevating society of mankind. Taking this circumstance into account, we must recognize the ape as the most sagacious of beasts. Yet he is deceived and out-tricked with ease: his passions conquer his prudence. The Malays make a small hole in a
’
gourd, and then place in the interior sugar or some fruits that apes love. The ape inserts its hand through the narrow opening, grasps a handful, and finds that it cannot be withdrawn again; it allows itself to be captured rather than lose its grasp on the dainties it has seized.
The apes are the most agile and active of the Mammalia. When on a raid for food they are not at rest fora moment. They devour every species of food—tfruits, roots, bulbs, corn, nuts and leaves—and insects, eggs, and young birds form the delicacies of their repasts. In search of provender their bands spread through the forests; even the elephant dares not invade the spots where the ape is foraging. But while jealous of guarding what they consider their own right, the rogues care not for the rights of others. ‘“ We sow, the apes reap,” is a proverb in the
THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER. 19
Soudan. Fields and gardens especially suffer; neither lock nor bolt, neither hedge nor wall can keep out the plunderers, who destroy much more than they consume. To an unconcerned spectator, the sight of an incursion of apes is an amusing spectacle. They run, they leap, they climb, they swim, they perform in the branches of the trees astounding feats of agility and acrobatic skill. Some seem to fly from bough to bough; a space of six or seven yards across is a mere trifle; they will drop ten feet or more perpendicularly toa branch; it bends with the weight, and as it springs back again, the ape lets go and is shot off by the recoil like an arrow from the bow. Every climbing plant is a ladder, every tree is a high-road. Head foremost, tail foremost, up and down they go as if on solid ground. If a branch breaks, they lay hold of another; if their hands fail, their hand-like feet succeed, or if both fail to grasp, the apes of this continent hold on by their tails. The American monkeys make the tail a fifth hand, or rather their first, most-used hand ; they hang by it, they rock themselves by it, they swing by it; their tail is their hammock when they take their noon-day sleep.
This agility and grace of motion are confined to their actions when climbing; their walk is awkward; even the largest manlike apes can scarcely be said to walk; some put down the whole soles of their fect, others support themselves on the knuckles of the hand and swing the body forward in such a fashion that the feet come between the hands. This incapacity of attaining to a walk such as man has, arises partly from the fact that in the ape the orifice by which the spinal cord enters the skull is set very far back, thus overbalancing the body, partly from the conformation of the hind feet. These, as we have said, are like hands, and the outstretched, separate thumb cannot furnish such a firm support for the body as the great toe does, especially as the creature usually walks on the outside of its foot. The Gorilla goes upright most easily, and the Tschego shares this faculty. Many other species can maintain an upright position for a time, but they sink down, when no longer able to balance themselves, on their fore-limbs; when pursued by the hunter, or pursuing their own foes, they move on all-fours.
Some tribes of apes swim excellently, others sink like lead; the latter have a great dread of water. Many travelers describe how the Brazilian monkeys form an ingenious bridge over rivers. A number of them climb to a high branch on a tree on the bank of the river they wish to cross. One monkey grasps the branch with his tail, and seizes with his hands
20 QUADRUMANA.
his neighbor’s tail; the second monkey seizes the tail of a third, and so on till a chain of monkeys from the branch to the ground is formed. This chain is then set swinging by the lowest monkey ; at every oscilla- tion a fresh impulse is given it, and higher and higher does the end monkey swing, till at last he grasps a branch on the opposite bank of the stream. Across this primitive suspension-bridge the young and old members of the band pass; when all have crossed, the first monkey uncurls his tail, and the chain swings from the last monkey to the land on the other bank. It is a pity that there is no truth in this fable.
Apes are social animals; very few are solitary; they usually gather into bands. Each band has its own home, a spot of greater or less extent, and fixes its home where food is most easily procured. When they have settled on their location, they organize themselves. The strongest, or oldest, or most capable of the males becomes their leader. The dignity is conferred not by the suffrage of the people, but by victory in a series of conflicts with every other male. The strongest arm and the longest teeth decide better than an Electoral Commission. The leader enforces implicit obedience and enjoys great privileges; he claims and exacts the love of all the female members of his band, and woe to maid or matron who dares to flirt with any young monkey. No chival- rous respect for the fair sex restrains the despot from letting his erring spouse feel the weight of his hand; the gallant comes off still worse, for no trifling is permitted in love affairs. The leader is literally the “father of his people.” When the band becomes too numerous for its home, some bold youth becomes the leader of a secession, and fights his way, in a new location, to supremacy in power and monopoly in love. Natu- rally, not a day passes that is not signalized by some conflict for some attractive dame, or by some assertion of his power by the leader.
The leader discharges his office nobly. Secure in his position, he enjoys the esteem and flattery of his subjects: the ladies vie with each other in delicate attentions, and in scratching and cleaning his hairy skin, an operation he submits to with the air of a pasha amid the slaves of his harem.
The sounds of which the ape is capable are well marked and numer- ous. The cry of terror, which is a warning for flight, is peculiariy remarkable. It is difficult to describe or imitate; it consists of a series of short, abrupt, tremulous tones, and when it is heard, the whole troop takes flight; the mothers call together their little ones, which cling fast
THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER. 21
to her, and hurry with their burdens to the nearest tree or rock. The leader marches in front and indicates the path to be taken; not till he announces that all danger is over, does the herd gather again and return to resume their foraging. P
All apes do not fly from their enemies; the larger ones face the most savage beasts of prey, and man himself. They fight with hands and teeth in most cases, but have been known to employ as weapons broken limbs of trees, and to hurl stones and fruit at their foes. Even to a man armed with a musket the Gorilla is a dangerous opponent.
In captivity, almost all kinds of apes live in harmony together, but they form for themselves a government resembling that of their days of freedom—the strongest rules.
The females bear one or two young ones. This is regularly a small, hideous creature; its limbs are longer in proportion than those of the adult; its face, with its folds and wrinkles, is more like that of an old man than a child. But its mother loves and tends it with touching care ; the whole attitude and manner of the mother and child are strikingly human as she presses her offspring fondly to her breast, while it flings its arms about her neck, as she dandles it up and down in both hands, or rocks it to sleep on her bosom. As soon as it can go alone, it is allowed to play with other monkey infants, but the mother keeps her eye on it, follows every step, every movement, and at the first symptom of danger rushes towards it uttering her cry of warning and recall. If it disobeys her she boxes its ears ; but this punishment is seldom required, for the monkey child is an example to the human child, and rarely requires speaking to twice. She divides her food with it, and instances have been known where she has died of grief at its loss. If a mother dies, some female of the band adopts the orphan and displays towards it a tenderness equal to that with which she treats her own offspring.
It is not ascertained how long, on the average, apes are in arriving at maturity. In accordance with all analogy, the larger are slower in growth than the lesser. The American species probably attain their full growth in three or four years; the baboons in eight to twelve years; the anthropoid or manlike apes, such as the Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Orang-outan, much later, as they shed their teeth at about the same age as children. We know nothing of the sicknesses from which they suffer when at liberty, nor how long they live; in all probability the manlike apes live as long as man. In captivity, the climate of Europ>
22 QUADRU MANA.
seems fatal to most species, and the poor beast dies of consumption. A sick ape is a sight to move the hardest heart. All his merry tricks are gone; he sits sad and sorrowful, looking piteously at the faces of his sympathizing visitors. The nearer he approaches his end the gentler he becomes. All the brute seems to leave him; a higher spirit seems to shine out. He is grateful for every attention, soon recognizes the physi- cian as his benefactor, takes his medicine willingly, and without reluc- tance submits to surgical operations.
In their native country the apes are more destructive than useful. Some tribes of savages eat their flesh and make their skins into leather, but they do not minister in any other way to the wants of man.
The above general description is drawn, of course, from observation of the best known species, and due allowance must be made in many cases for the exaggeration of travelers, and in many cases for our ignorance.
The QUADRUMANA are divided by many writers into three sections, which are separated from each other by their geographical position and their anatomical peculiarities. The basis of this classification is the animal's face, or rather its nose. The first section contains the Catarrhini or “the straight-nosed,” the second the Platyrrhini or “ flat-nosed”’ apes, the third the Strepsirrhini or “ twisted-nosed’’ Lemuridz.
The CATARRHINI have the same dental formula (see p. 8) as man, have either no tail or a non-prehensile one, and the thumbs of all the feet are truly opposable. They all belong, with one trifling exception, to Asia and Africa, and include the ANTHROPOID or “ man-like” apes.
yw SEN
Cra er. Ns THE ANTHROPOID APES.
THE AFRICAN DIVISION—THE GENUS TROGLODYTES—THE GORILLA—THE CHIMPANZEE—THE ASIATIC DIVISION—THE GENUS SIMIA—ORANG-OUTAN—THE GENUS HYLOBATES OR GIBBON.
adopted, the Anthropoid apes are less widely separated from
man than from the lower races of apes. The body is strik- ingly like the human form, the front limbs being longer, the hinder ones shorter than ours; the position of the eyes and ears is the same as in man; the body is covered thinly with hair, except the face and the inside of the feet, which parts are bare; they have no tail. Among the man-like apes, the first place must be assigned to the huge and terrible inhabitant of Western Africa, the Gorilla.
| [ stove remarks that whatever system of classification is
I1—GENUS TROGLODYTES.
The GorRILLA, 7roglodytes Gorilla, (Piate I1.)—More than two thousand ,wo hundred years ago, a Carthaginian fleet set sail from the Mediter- ranean to explore the coast of Africa. The commander of the fleet, Hanno, left an account of his voyage, and we possess a Greek transla- tion of his work. He describes how he passed the present district of Sierra Leone, and then continues: “On the third day, when we had sailed thence and passed the fire-stream, we came to the South horn. In the bottom of the bay formed by this promontory was an island, with a lake in which was an island where we found some wild men. The mejority were females with hairy bodies, and our interpreter called them Gorillas. We could not catch any males; they escaped easily by clambering up and down the precipices, and defended themselveg by hurling fragments of rock. We caught three females, but could not
24 QUADRUMANA.
bring them away because they bit and scratched. We were forced to kill them, but we flayed the bodies and sent the skins to Carthage.” To this account, Pliny adds that the skins were preserved in the temple of Juno.
It is clear from the above extract from Hanno’s log-book, that he had seen Anthropoid apes, and the name he uses is conveniently applied to the species we are describing.
Tne Gorilla, called by the present natives Njina, represents a distinct species. It is shorter but far broader than even a stout man. <A full-grown male attains the height of about five feet five inches, and measures from shoulder to shoulder nearly thirty-eight inches. The length and strength of the fore-limbs, the dispropor- tionate size of the hands and feet, and the connection by a skin of the middle fingers and toes, are the most marked characteristics.
The neck of this animal is so short that its head appears to be buried between its shoulders. The forehead is retreating. The ears are small, and nearly on a line with the eyes. The nose is flat, but a little more salient than in the other monkeys. The chest and shoulders are ex- tremely wide. The abdomen is round and prominent. There is no swell in the upper arm muscles, the lower limbs have no calves; the hands are massive and thick, and the fingers short and stumpy. The back of the hands is hairy; the finger-nails are black, thick, and strong. The foot is proportioned like the hand of a giant, and is well adapted for maintaining the body in a vertical position. The huge body is covered with iron-gray hairs, each ringed with alternate bands of black and gray. On the arms the hair is darker and longer, and sometimes exceeds two inches in length. The head is covered with a crown of short, reddish hair descending to the neck. The hair of the female is black with a red tint, and is not streaked like that of the male; neither has the female the red-colored crown until she is aged. The young Gorilla is of a jet-black color. The eyes are buried beneath prominent and shaggy eyebrows, an arrangement which gives the face a cruel look. The jaws are enormous, and furnished with large canine teeth.
It is not yet ascertained how large a tract of country the Gorilla in- habits; the interior of that part of Africa is not yet thoroughly explored, but we may safely say that the Gorilla is found between the equator and the fifth degree of north latitude, and that the forests traversed by the rivers Gaboon Moonee and Fernando Vaz form its abode.
HABITS OF THE GORILLA. 25
Battell, towards the end of the sixteenth century, describes two mon- strous apes, which he names the Pongo and the Ensego. Another tray- eler calls by the name Impungoo “this monstrous production of Nature, which grows to the height of from seven to nine feet.” {n 1846, we began to receive more authentic accounts of this gigantic ape. The Reverend Mr. Leighton Wilson of New York, a missionary at the Gaboons, saw a dead Gorilla and obtained a skull, which he forwarded to Dr. Savage. The same missionary procured another skull and part of a skeleton, which he presented to the Natural History Society of Boston, Mass. In 1852, Ford gave accounts agreeing in all points with those of the gentlemen just mentioned; and finally, in 1867, Du Chaillu’s great book, “ Equatorial Africa,” appeared. He tells how the king of the African forests stood suddenly before him, with his powerful chest, his mighty arms, his glittering eyes, and a countenance with a truly hellish expression. He stood and beat his breast with his huge hands till it echoed like a drum, while he uttered terrible roars. The eyes of the creature grew fiercer, his hair began to bristle, he showed his savage teeth and repeated his thundering roar. He came within ten steps of the intrepid traveler, and roared; he came nearer, and again drummed on his echoing breast. When he was six paces distant Du Chaillu fired, and the creature, with a groan awfully human and yet thoroughly brutal, fell dead on his face. The limbs quivered for a few minutes, then all was still. Whatever suspicion Du Chaillu’s passion for fine writing may have at first aroused, it is now agreed that his account of the Gorilla is trustworthy. He agrees with the celebrated English philosopher, Owen, in placing it in the scale of animals next to man, and adds that, in hunting the Gorilla, “I have never been able to maintain the indifference, much less experience the triumphant joy of a hunter. It always seemed as if a fellow-creature, a monstrous one it is true, but still having about it something human, was my victim. It was a delusion; I knew it, but yet the feeling was stronger than myself.”
The Gorilla lives in the loneliest and darkest spots of the dense African forest, preferring for his residence deep valleys, or rugged and rocky heights in the neighborhood of water. It is a restless animal, seldom two days together in the same place. This wandering is ren- dered necessary by the difficulty of procuring food; for although the Gorilla has enormous canines and is said to hunt the lion, it really is exclusively a feeder on plants. Its favorite food is fruit, nuts, banana
3
26 QUADRU MANA.
leaves; and when it has laid waste an extensive space in satisfying its enormous appetite, it goes elsewhere to seek a supply. It knows when certain regions are fruitful, owing to the changes of the seasons, and periodically visits them. It does not live in trees, and its huge size pre- vents it from leaping like the lesser monkeys from bough to bough; it only climbs to get food. Its favorite food is the wild sugar-cane, and a nut of exceeding hardness, which it crushes in its iron jaws. The young Gorilla, Du Chaillu thinks, sleep in trees, the older ones on the ground with their backs leaning against a trunk. The Gorilla is not social; they are found most often in pairs. If a solitary male is met he is vicious and dangerous. Young Gorillas associate in fours and fives. They run on all fours, and owing to their acuteness of hearing it is difficult to get near them. There is no evidence to prove that they ever build for themselves huts or shelter. The adult Gorilla is very wary, and the hunter may spend a whole day without seeing one. “When I have surprised a couple of Gorillas,” says Du Chaillu, “the male has usually been seated on a rock or against a tree in the darkest corner of the jungle. The female sat eating beside him, and, what was very singular, it was nearly always she who gave alarm by taking to flight, uttering at the same time piercing cries. But the male remained seated for a moment, and knitting together his savage countenance, slowly stood upright. Throwing a malicious glance at the invaders of his retreat, he then commenced to beat his breast, to elevate his great head, and to utter his formidable roars. The hideous aspect of the animal at this moment it is impossible to describe. Looking at him, I forgave my brave native hunters for being full of superstitious fears, and I ceased to be astonished at the strange and marvellous stories current among them with regard to the Gorillas.”
The Gorilla does not make use of a stick as a weapon; it only uses in its assaults its arms, feet, and teeth. ‘With a single blow of its foot, armed as it is with short, curved nails, it disembowels a man or frac. tures his skull. In attacking this ferocious animal, experienced hunters always reserve their shot until the last moment, for the report of frearms irritates the terrible beast, and if the wound is not fatal, the Gorilla flings itself with incredible violence on its aggressor, crushing at the same moment both weapon and hunter.
When it is attacked, it utters a short, jerking, and acute bark, like that of an angry dog; to this succeeds a low growling like distant thun-
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 27
der, which appears to come from the spacious cavities of the chest and abdomen rather than from the throat. The cry of the female and of the young is shrill and piercing.
The Gorilla dies as easily as man; a ball well-directed produces instant death.
The female does not attack the hunter; she flies with her little one, which clings around her neck with its legs encircling her body. The affection of these creatures for their young is so touching, so human, that white men have not the heart to kill them. The natives have no such scruples, and Du Chaillu saw some young Gorillas whose mothers had been slain. He himself had in his possession a young male about two to three years old and two feet anda half high. It was violent, fierce and quite untamable. It repeatedly broke out of its cage; neither hunger nor other means could conquer its obstinate love of liberty, and when it was at last secured by chains it died suddenly of a broken heart. A young female which was brought to him was a suckling, and died from want of milk. Winwood Reade states that he saw in cap- tivity a young Gorilla and a young Chimpanzee, and that they were equally docile. He heard, too, a report that the Gorilla frequently pur- sued women who went any distance from a village, and saw a woman who affirmed that she had suffered from thé violence of a Gorilla, and with difficulty escaped. He considers, however, that stories of captured women living with apes in the forests to which they had been dragged, are not deserving of implicit belief. Such stories are common in various places, and have this basis in fact that the larger male apes will undoubt- edly assault women.
Specimens more or less imperfect exist in the Natural History col- lections at Boston and Philadelphia; no living Gorilla has ever been brought to America, and only one to Europe. The latter unfortunate animal died lately at Berlin from the effects of the climate.
THE CHIMPANZEE.
Wallace and others, differing from Owen and Du Chaillu, assign the highest rank among the apes to the CHIMPANZEE, T7roglodytes niger, (Plate I.)—Its appearance is certainly not so bestial as that of the Gorilla or the Ourang-outan. The arms are shorter, the hands and feet are better formed, and it can more easily assume a vertical atti-
28 QUADRUMANA.
tude; the legs show a slight development of calf. It is smaller than the Gorilla, with a much shorter body; the head is proportionately large, the face broad and flat, the brow less receding than the Gorilla’s ; the nose is small, the mouth large with wrinkled lips. It has a pretty thick coat of moderately long hair, which becomes longer on the cheeks and the back of the head. The bare portions of the face are grayish- brown, the hands and feet like brown leather, the lips a dull red. The eyes are mild and soft, with a light-brown iris.
The Chimpanzee is found not only in the forests of Upper and Lower Guinea, but far in the interior of Africa. It usually lives in pairs and families; sometimes five are seen together; seldom more than ten, unless on some festive occasion, when as many as fifty assemble and amuse themselves by screaming and drumming on the old tree trunks. They build nests in the trees, and provide these nests with roofs to turn the rain. Rarely more than two of such nests are found together. The Chimpanzee is not a social ape.
When at rest the Chimpanzee assumes a sitting position; usually when discovered it is standing erect, but as soon as it perceives itself observed it drops on all fours and runs away, differing in this respect from the Gorilla which boldly faces the intruder on his privacy. It is an excellent climber and leaps from tree to tree with astonishing activity. A family group is often seen; the parents sit beneath the shade of a tree, eating and chattering, the little ones sport around and swing from bough to bough. Their food is usually fruits, nuts, leaves, or the bananas which the negroes plant in their cornfields.
Of all the man-like apes, the Chimpanzee is the best known and the most docile. Grandpret saw one that had been taught to attend to a cooking-stove, and call the cook when it was hot enough. The same ape worked with great intelligence on board ship, and hauled on, cast loose or made fast the ropes with all the skill of a sailor. Brosse brought a pair to Europe that ate at table, used a knife and fork, drank wine and spirits, called the waiter when they wanted anything, and grew angry at being neglected. The male had during a fit of sickness been bled by a surgeon; and ever afterwards when it felt indisposed, it held out its arm for the lancet. Lieutenant Sayers had a young one which was human enough to attempt suicide. On its master refusing to give it its favorite food, bananas, it rushed with its head against the wail so violently that it fell backwards; it then mounted on a chest, extended its arms with a
THE CHIMPANZEE IN CAPTIVITY. 29
gesture of despair, and flung itself headlong down. The Lieutenant, fearing to lose it, gave way, and the creature gave lively testimony to its delight at its victory.
Buffon gives some interesting details regarding a young Chimpanzee which was brought to Paris in 1740. This animal offered its hand to lead people about who came to visit it; it promenaded with them in the gravest manner as if keeping them company; it sat at table, spread out its napkin, wiped its lips with it, and used its spoon and fork to carry food to its mouth; it poured out its drink into a glass by itself, hob- nobbed when invited to do so; it would take a cup and saucer, put them on the table, put sugar in the cup, and pour tea over it, leave it to cool before drinking it, and all this without any other instigation than the signs or words of its master, and often even without this.
The Chimpanzee, writes Brehm, displays in all its actions so much that is human that we almost cease to regard it as a beast. Its intellect seems nearly on a par with that of the uneducated savage. It imitates whatever it sees just as a child does; it fails because its hand has not the capacity of the human hand, but its attempts are made consciously and with reflection. It knows its position, and cordially regards itself as higher than the other animals. It distinguishes between grown people and children, respecting the former, loving the latter, provided always they do not tease it. It expresses its feelings like men. It cannot laugh indeed, but it wrinkles up its face and assumes an unmistakable expres- sion of pleasure. It proclaims its sorrows not only by gestures but by cries and wailing sounds that are intelligible to every one.
Of the many specimens which have been brought from their native homes, most have perished by disease of the lungs. Dr. Martini describes his visit to a sick Chimpanzee. “Covered up in its bed, it lay quite still with a deep expression of suffering on its countenance, shaken by paroxysms of coughing and at times turning its eyes upwards with sighs of pain. It was shy at first, but I soon gained its confidence. It was suffering from inflammation of the left lung accompanied with change of tissue in both lungs and a swelling of the lymphatic glands on both sides of the neck; a deep abscess pressed together the windpipe and the throat. I resolved to open the abscess. The state of the lungs forbade the use of chloroform; chloral hydrate produced a drowsiness, but not anesthesia. He resisted all attempts at force by men. To my surprise, when my assistants retired he voluntarily submitted to an examination
30 QUADRUMANA.
of the abscess. I resolved to perform the operation. Seated on the knees of his keeper, the ape bent his head backwards and kept it quietly in that position. The incision was quickly made; the creature neither shrunk nor cried. Some thin purulent matter was pressed out, and his breathing was reheved. An unmistakable expression of pleasure and comfort spread over his face; he stretched out his hand to mine, and warmly embraced his keeper. The wound in the neck soon healed, but the inflammation of the lungs increased. He willingly and obediently took all the medicines prescribed for him, and displayed great gentleness and patience during his last hours. He died as a man dies.”
A couple of Chimpanzees which were kept at the Jardin d’Acclimata- tion of Paris excited great attention. The following account of the behavior of the survivor is by an eye-witness :
“T have had an ‘interview’ with the most interesting widower that it has been my lot to meet in Paris. His poignant sorrow for his departed spouse and his deep affection for the baby she left behind called forth my warmest sympathy. This broken-hearted widower is a captive. His prison is an iron cage. He seems resigned to his lot, and seeks consola- tion in rendering kind offices to his little one, and in caressing it. The widower is a powerfully-built individual, eight feet high, and has most formidable fists, which he shuts like a prize-fighter. I do not exaggerate when I say that a comparison between his forehead and the foreheads of those who come to stare at him is not to their advantage. His cranium is nobly developed, being well arched at the top, and full in the anterior region.. But the nose is flat, and the mouth and chin are prognate. You have already divined that I am speaking about the Chimpanzee at the Jardin d’Acclimatation and his bereaved baby, which sleeps with its head on the papa’s arm, and keeps its own arm round his neck when it is awake. The senior animal, who has the advantage over his masters of having thumbs on his feet, has a trick of doubling the blanket which has been given him, and tucking it under the poor orphan. When weary of playing with a silky monkey, which has been turned into the cage to amuse the babe, it lies down to slumber. The father’s eyes fill with tears as he watches the young thing, who seems to understand his unhappy position and to be in close sym- pathy with him. The female died eight days after the infant’s birth.
fer husband grew violent from despair when her corpse was thrown overboard, and he was placed upon low diet to weaken the prodigious
THE BALD CHIMPANZEE. 31
strength of his fists. Physically low as he now is, he can still bend up like a cane an iron rod an inch in diameter. I thought of Carac- tacus as I watched him in his prison. There is much dignity in his silent woe and resignation, and I fervently hope that he will never get into the hands of vivisectors.”
THE BALD CHIMPANZEE.
The TscHEGO or Nschiego Mbouve, TZvoglodytes calvus, of Du Chaillu differs in many respects from the Chimpanzee. A female five years old in the Zoological Gardens at Dresden, is remarkable for a head much smaller in proportion than the Chimpanzee’s; the body is longer, the shoulders broader, the loins finer, the chest rounder, the stomach less prominent than the corresponding parts of the Gorilla or Chimpanzee. The arms are long, but the hands very narrow and thin; the thumb is long and weak, the two middle fingers very strong ; the legs are longer than those of the other manlike apes, the feet well formed. The eyebrows are shaggy and prominent; the eyes small, brown, lively, surrounded with wrinkles. The nose is flattened; the lips, very mobile, are more protruding than the Chimpanzee. The face and a great part of the fore part of the head are bare of hair, and Du Chaillu therefore proposes for this ape the name of Zvoglodytes calvus, or the bald Chimpanzee. Du Chaillu says that the Nschiego Mbouvé builds its leafy nest in the boughs of the highest trees. The nest is composed of small interlaced branches well thatched with feaves and impenetrable to water; fixed by firmly tied bands, it is generally six to eight feet across and dome-formed. The male and female join in building the nest, but they live on different trees. These retreats are seldom used for more than ten days, by which time the animal has ravaged the district around its habi- tation and is compelled to move elsewhere in quest of food. Du Chaillu killed a female Nschiego carrying her young one in her arms. He took the little creature home, and in a few days it was so completely tamed that he could allow it to wander at liberty without fear of it running away. He could not move a step without being foilowed by the youngster; neither could he sit down without having the animal climb. ing on his knees, or hiding its head in his bosom. The poor little thing found extreme pleasure in being caressed and nursed.
It was possessed of great intelligence, and showed wonderful cun
32 QUADRU MANA.
ning in its modes of pilfering, for “Tommy” soon acquired the art of stealing.
“Tf I opened my eyes,” adds Du Chaillu, “while it was in the act of committing theft, it all at once assumed an honest air and came to caress me; but I could readily detect it darting furtive glances towards the bananas.
“My cabin had no door, but was closed by a mat. Nothing could be more comical than to see Tommy quietly raising a corner of this mat to see if I was asleep. Sometimes I| feigned to be so, and moved just at the moment when it was carrying off the object of its covetousness, when it let it drop, and ran off in the greatest confusion.”
“Tommy” did not like sleeping alone; he watched until everybody was asleep to creep furtively beside some negro friend; and there would sleep without stirring until daybreak, when he usually decamped before found out. Several times he was caught in the act and beaten, but he persevered.
I1.—GENUS SIMIA.
The ORANG-OUTAN, Szmza Satyrus, (Plate I..}—The huge man-like apes hitherto described are natives of Africa. But Asia produces animals as large and fierce as any of the Western Peninsula. The representative of the Asiatic anthropoids is the redoubtable ORANG- OUTAN. The body, in which the abdomen is very prominent, is broad at the hips, the arms are long, the neck short, with a large pouch which can be inflated. The hands and fingers are long, the lips are swollen and protruding, the nose flat, the eyes and ears small and like man’s. In its terrible jaws the canines are prominent; the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw. The hair is thin on the back and breast, but hangs long on the sides of the body; on the face it grows like a beard; on the back of the head and the fore-arm it is directed upwards, elsewhere downwards. The color of the hair is a rusty red, sometimes a brownish red, darker on the back and chest, lighter in the beard. The skin, where visible, is a bluish grey.
For our knowledge of the habits of this ape in his home, we are indebted to the intrepid Wallace. The ORANG-OUTAN, called also the Meias, appears to be confined to Borneo and Sumatra, where it dwells in low swampy woodlands. An extent of unbroken lofty forest is a
ANECDOTES OF THE ORANG-OUTAN. 33
necessity for this ape. It traverses them with the utmost ease, passing from tree to tree without touching the soil. “It is a strange sight to see the MEIAS taking his way through the woods. He advances along a huge bough, in a half upright attitude; he seems to select trees which touch their neighbors. When he is near enough he puts out his long arms, seizes the branch and pulls it to test its strength; if it stands the test he swings himself into it, and thus proceeds; he never springs or leaps, and never seems to hurry, although he goes as fast as a man can run through the forest.”
His long arms are seen to be of the utmost value; they enable him to climb easily, to reach the fruits on the highest, thinnest twigs, and to collect leaves and sprigs to form his nest. How he builds this nest Wallace relates. The Meias that he wounded, climbed higher up the tree and began to break off branches and lay them across. With extra- ordinary rapidity he seized with his still uninjured arm, boughs in every direction, and in a few minutes had formed a close mass of leafage which hid him from my view. A like nest is used for sleeping in, but it is placed nearer the ground at a height of from eight to fifteen yards. The natives say that when it rains the Meias covers his nest with leaves. The Orang-outan does not leave his nest till the dew is dry on the leaves. He feeds throughout the day exclusively on fruit, buds and young shoots; he prefers unripe to ripe fruit, and eats them when strongly bitter; he usually eats only part of each fruit plucked. It is very rarely that the Orang-outan descends to earth; he does so only when compelled to seek for water or food in the dry season. They often stand upright, but never walk in that attitude unless they have hold of a branch above them; representations of them walking by the aid of sticks are purely imaginary.
The Dayak natives affirm that no animal is strong enough to injure the Meias, and the only creature with which he fights is the crocodile, which often attempts to seize him when plucking the young shoots near the water. The Meias flies at this foe, beats him with his feet and hands, tears his jaws open and slays him. The Meias seldom fights with man.
In its native woods the Orang-outan seems to be an unsocial animal, and leads a hermit-like existence, sitting in its nest till hunger impels it to move. Like other apes it exhibits an objection to captivity, has great cunning and great docility, together with great attachment to all that
34 QUADRUMANA.
treat it kindly; a grave and melancholy expression is usually seen on its face.
Numerous living specimens have been brought to Europe. One at Paris is described by Cuvier, who gives an anecdote of its intelligence. “It was once shut up in a place in the vicinity of a saloon where it was usual for persons to assemble. After a time solitude made it impatient, and it endeavored to open the door in order to get in. But the bolt was high and beyond its reach. Ultimately it dragged a chair to the door, climbed up on it, and having drawn back the catch, triumphantly entered.”
Another was brought to England by Dr. Abel Clarke; it was as docile as affectionate. It took a fancy for two kittens and patiently endured their scratches rather than lose their company. It was, how- ever, observed trying to pull out their claws with its fingers. He adds: “Since its arrival in Great Britain, it acquired, to my knowledge, two habits which it certainly never practised on board ship, where its educa- tion, I ought to say, had been very much neglected. One of these was walking erect, or at least on its hind feet, without resting on its hands; the second was to kiss its keeper. Some writers assert that the Orang- outan gives real kisses, and they suppose that this is a natural act of the animal. I believe that they are wrong: it is acquired from imitation, and even then it does not altogether give a kiss like Man, by advancing the lips.”
The Orang-outan is the very opposite in disposition to the Chim- panzee. While the latter is lively and playful, the former is quiet, solemn, and grave, his motions are slow and measured, and the expression of his brown eyes inconceivably sad.
We have mentioned above that this animal possesses a throat-pouch. This strange appendage is not a mere hollow sack, but is shaped like a badly-made glove; it is larger in the male than the female. A careful investigator, Mr. Vrolik, is of opinion that this throat-pouch has nothing to do with the voice, but is “ intended to assist it in climbing and leaping.” It is a pity that he did not show how it accomplishes this object. The sac is connected by a passage with the windpipe, and can be inflated at pleasure.
There seems to be in Borneo another species of SIMIA called by the natives Meias Kassar. It is much smaller, than the Orang-outan, or Meias Pappan, and has often been regarded as the young of the latter.
SPECIES OF GIBBONS. 35
iM GENUS HY LOBATES:
The Gipspons.—The third genus of the man-like apes is that of the long-armed apes which are commonly called Gibbons. The scientific name HyYLOBATES, or “forest walkers,” from the Greek yle “a wood,” and éaino “to walk,’ was given them from the fact that they are chiefly found in the dense forests of India and the Eastern Archipelago. For life in the forest they are admirably adapted by the length of their fore- arms.
The Gibbons are divided into Seven Species, some of which attain a considerable size, although not exceeding three feet and a half. They are the only Anthropoid apes possessing gluteal callosities. The body, although the breast is well rounded, seems slender, owing to the thinness of the flanks; the hinder limbs are much shorter than the fore limbs, and in some species the long hand is characterized by a growing together of the index and middle finger. The head is small and egg-shaped, the face human-like, the tail is not visible externally. <A silk fur covers their bodies, the colors being principally brown, brownish-gray, or straw-color.
THE HULOCK.
The HuLock, Aylobates hulock, (Plate 1), bears clearly the marks of the genus. It has no air-sack and the fingers do not grow together. Its hair is coal-black except a white line across the forehead; in the young it is dark-brown, and ash-gray on the back. The HuLock inhabits Farther India and Bengal, especially the woody banks of the Brahmapootra river.
THE LAR, UNKO AND WAUWAU.
These species are natives of Malacca and Siam. The Lar, Hylobates far, is almost as large as the Hulock. The prevailing color is a dark- gray, the hands are of a whitish-gray on the upper, but black on the lower surface.
The Unko, Hylobates raffiesit, is distinguished from the Hulock anatomically by the possession of fourteen pairs of ribs. Its face and coat are black, inclining to reddish-brown on the back; the
36 QUADRUMANA.
eyebrows, cheeks and chin are white in the males, but dark-gray in the females.
The Wauwau or Agile Gibbon, Hy/obates agiles, has a bare, blue- black face, inclining in the female to brown, long hair of a dark-brown color on the head, stomach, and inside the arms; on the shoulders and behind the neck the hair becomes lighter, and in the females is light- brown, while on the hinder parts down to the knees, it is of mixed white and reddish hues. The hands and feet are dark-brown. The female is lighter colored than the male; the hair on the cheeks is shorter, but still long enough to make the face seem broader than it is long. The young are of a yellowish-white color.
Doctor Franklin, speaking of the Agile Gibbon, says: “Some years ago a female of this species was exhibited in London. The cries it emitted when going through its performances, naturalists decided to be most musical. This individual was timid and gentle. It preferred the society of women to that of men. It was thought that this circumstance was due to the bad treatment it had received at the hands of the stronger sex. It was intelligent and observant: its piercing eyes seemed to be always on the gu?z vive, scrutinizing every one, and missing nothing of what passed around. When any one gained its confidence, it consented after several invitations to descend from its perch and shake hands.”
The Gibbons, as we have observed, are admirably adapted for climbing. The round chest gives room to the lungs, the strong hind legs give great propelling power, the long fore arms enable them to grasp securely the branch which is to be their next starting-point. An easy comparison will show how disproportionately long their limbs are. A man can barely touch his knee when standing erect, the GtgBoNs can touch their ankles. Nothing can present a greater contrast than a Gibbon in a forest, and a Gibbon on the ground. In the former they fly like birds from bough to bough, their agility is boundless and grace- ful; on the ground they seem out of their element, they move slowly, they totter on their hind feet, and can only maintain their equilibrium by the aid of their long arms. If the Gorilla is the Hercules, the Gibbon is the Mercury of the ape world. The name Zar of one species is derived from a naiad Lara whom Mercury loved.
The HuLock can only balance itself upright by raising its hands above its head, and then it waddles rather than walks. If urged to greater speed, it uses its long fore-arms. They hop rather than leap,
HABITS OF THE GIBBONS. 37
and when they use their arms they resemble cripples on uutches. The WAuwau is the most agile. He ascends the smooth stems of the bamboo, swings the tall cane backwards and forwards till he gathers the required impetus, then flies over a space of thirteen or fourteen yards, grasps another twig, a third, a fourth, and so on, till he seems to shoot like an arrow. He is proud of his agility and is fond of dis- playing it when there is no occasion. A female Wauwau in London was kept in a large enclosure where trees were planted at a distance of seven or eight yards apart. All spectators were struck with wonder at its performances. It sprung from one tree to another without any pre- paratory efforts, and never failed in its leap. It would continue this performance for a considerable time, seeming scarcely to touch the boughs. No less remarkable was the sureness of its hand and eye. If an apple was flung at it during its flight, it caught it without a pause in its course. In the midst of its swiftest career it could in a twinkling change the direction of its flight, or come suddenly to a sitting position, in which it seemed as if it had never been in motion.
If a young one in captivity could display such astonishing feats of agility, it is needless to say that the adult Gibbon in its native forests moves like a swallow through the air.
The Hutocks form bands of a hundred or a hundred and fifty members, and are usually seen in the tops of very high trees, occa- sionally descending to disport themselves in the clearings of the forest. Owen relates that in riding through the jungle he came upon a powerful band; the trees were full of them; they screamed and grimaced at the intruder, and some of the bolder spirits followed him as if with the intention to attack. Such attacks on travelers are said to be not uncommon. Owen’s account, however, is at variance with all other observers, who agree in describing the Gibbon as running away from the sight of man.
At sunrise and sunset the Gibbons assemble and unite their voices in a clamor that can be heard a full mile away. This cry is very peculiar. Bennett says it begins with the fundamental note E and goes up through the chromatic scale to the E an octave higher. As it runs up the scale, the semitones come out slower and slower; as it descends, the notes increase in rapidity till the end is a yelling scream. The regularity, swiftness and precision with which these animals run up the scale is astonishing. The Wauwau derives its name from its cry. It begins
38 QUADRUMANA.
ua, ua, ua, then the a becomes longer, the u shorter, till it sounds like wa, and then the whole band join in the chorus.
The long-armed apes soon become tame. Harlan possessed a Hulock that, like the large apes already described, could sit at table, and learned to drink from a cup like a man. It preferred a vegetable diet, but some- times ate a bit of fish or chicken. ‘When I paid him my morning visit, he greeted me with a loud Wau, wau, wau! repeated till he was quite out of breath. He liked to be combed and brushed, and stretched out first one arm, then another. He knew my voice and replied when I called to him from a distance.”
The Gibbons are seldom found in captivity, even in their native country. They cannot bear the loss of freedom; they pine away in regret for their forest home and woodland sports, and become gradually quieter and quieter, sadder and sadder, till death sets them free.
IV.—GENUS SIAMANGA.
The SIAMANG, Stamanga syndactyla, differs in some considerable respects from the preceding genus, and one of the most striking of these is indicated by its name syndactyla (Greek syn “together,” dactylos “a finger”). The iore and middle fingers of the posterior limbs are united by a membrane, and its arms are shorter than those of the other species. The low forehead presses down upon the eyebrows, the eyes are deep-set, the nose flat, the nostrils large, the mouth enormous. The air-sack, formed by loose folds of skin, consists of a double pouch at the throat; it protrudes like a bird’s crop, and swells when the creature cries. A thick soft coat of deep black hair covers the body; the eyebrows, however, are of a reddish-brown, The hair of the fore arm points upwards, that of the upper arm downwards, just as in Man. The height of a full grown Siamang is about forty inches, but it can span twice that length. It is a native of the thick forests of Sumatra.
According to Duveaucel, the Siamangs collect in numerous troops, under the leadership of an experienced chief, and greet the sun, at its rising and setting, with cries which are heard for several miles around. They are not very nimble, but their sense of hearing is extremely acute ; the moment they notice the slightest sound, they decamp without delay.
HABITS OF THE SIAMANG, 39
But if they are on the ground, and they have not time to reach trees, they are easily overtaken. The troop, however numerous, abandons one of their members who is wounded unless the victim be a young one; then maternal love bids the mother fly to the protection of her offspring, and with inflated air-sack and outstretched arms she faces the enemy. Otherwise, too, this maternal instinct is touchingly evinced. The mother bears her little one to the river, bathes it in spite of its cries, and carefully rubs it dry. The Malays affirm that the male parent carries the male young ones, while the mother bears the females, and travelers assert that this report is true.
One of these animals was for some time an inmate of a ship, where it became quite companionable, and gained the affections of passengers and crew. So far from exhibiting the sullen and sluggish demeanor which has been attributed to this ape, the Siamang displayed great activity and quickness, skipping about the ropes, and given to harmless tricks. It took a fancy to a little Papuan girl who was on board, and would sit with its arms round her neck, eating biscuit with her. It was of an inquisitive nature, running up the rigging, and watching from its elevated position a passing vessel, and remaining there until the ship was out of sight. In temper it was rather uncertain, and apt to fly into a passion if opposed in any wish.
When thus excited, it would fling itself down, just like a naughty, spoiled child, roll about the deck with great contortion of limbs and face, strike at everything which came in its way, and scream incessantly, with a sound like “ Ra! ra! ra!”
It had a strange predilection for ink, and in order to procure this remarkable dainty, would drain the ink-bottle whenever there was an opportunity of so doing, or suck the pens in default of the liquid itself. Being itself destitute of a tail, and feeling no fear of reprisals in that direc- tion, the Siamang used to make very free with the tails of some monkeys that lived on board of the same vessel. Catching an unfortunate monkey by its caudal appendage, away went Ungka, as the ape was named, dragging the monkey after him along the deck, until the wretched animal writhed itself free from its tormentor. At another time, Ungka would carry the monkey by the tail up the rigging, in spite of its squeaks and struggles, and then quietly let it drop.
It was sensitive to ridicule; and when its feelings were hurt, it used to inflate its throat until it resembled a huge wen, and looked seriously
40 QUADRUMANA.
at the offenders, uttering hollow barks at intervals. This sound seemed to be used for the purpose of expressing irritation. Anger was expressed by the shrieking “Ra! ra!” and pleasure by a kind of mixture between a squeak and a chirp.
Wallace had a Siamang that used to play with his native servant. Hence we may conclude that this genus does not deserve the character given it by some authors who describe it as a dull and stupid animal, that does not care to distinguish between friend and foes, that will not move till forced to do so, hardly even taking the trouble to put its food into its mouth.
Mr. Bennett the English naturalist confirms Wallace’s account of the gentleness of this species. He writes: “Going into the courtyard where Ungka was tied up one morning, I was sorry to see it occupied in trying to get rid of its waist-belt and rope, while at the same time it uttered a sharp, plaintive cry. When unfastened, it went towards a group of Malays, and after catching hold of the legs of some of them, it ap- proached one who was lying down, jumped on him, and closely embraced him with an expression of recognition. I learned that this man in whose arms the Monkey showed so much pleasure, was its first master.”
Mr. Bennett adds that Ungka preferred vegetables, such as rice and onions, to flesh. She drank tea, coffee, and chocolate, but never wine or spirituous liquors.
Ae
CEA Pa ERG ov. THE OLD WORLD MONKEYS.
THE LONG-TAILED MONKEYS—THE GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS—THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY—THE DOUC— THE GENUS COLOBUS—THE GUEREZA.
consider. the remaining apes of the Old World. The old world
monkeys differ from the anthropoid apes by the shortness of their arm, the presence of tails and gluteal callosities, and, in many instances, of cheek pouches. The “gluteal callosities’’ are those bare and hard plates which are seen on the posterior parts of these animals, and on which they rest when sitting. The cheek pouches are sacks, more or less capacious, between the cheeks and the jaws, in which they place their food when they wish to reserve it. Like the tailless apes, the tailed monkeys of the Old World have the same “ dental formula” as we ourselves possess; and their tails are not prehensile or able to lay hold of anything. As a rule they are sagacious, but mischievous and ungraceful, and very destructive. Hence some nations regard them with fear and abhorrence, others regard them as sacred or divine.
The apes described in this chapter differ, as we have said, from the anthropoid apes by the possession of a tail; they differ also from those which will be hereafter described in the length of this appendage and in the use they make of it. The tail in these genera is usually very long ; it is habitually raised, and serves as a balance.
They are divided into two families, of which the first or SEMNO- PITHECID& are distinguished by the absence of cheek pouches.
| EAVING the anthropoid or tailless apes, we now proceed to
I1—GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS.
The genus SEMNOPITHECUS (from the Greek words semuos, grave, and fpithecus, ape) is found in Asia. They are slender, with long limbs,
42 ; QUADRUMANA.
a long tail, a small head, a hairless face, a short muzzle, and very slight callosities. T77zwenty-nine Spectes are known.
The hands have long fingers, but the thumb on the fore limbs is very short, and of no use for grasping. Their hair is fine, and often very long on the head. The conformation of the stomach is peculiar, and distantly resembles that of the Kangaroo. All species possess an air-sack.
They are natives of the mainland of Southern Asia and the islands of the Indian archipelago. They live in troops in the forests, usually near running water, and near villages and cultivated ground. Wallace gives a very vivid description of them in their native haunts. The traveler generally finds them in companies of twenty or thirty, busily engaged in seeking food. They seldom are seen on the ground, unless when picking up some fallen fruit. They pay no attention to the natives, but avoid Europeans. When alarmed they hide in the trees, or fly with extraordinary rapidity, springing from bough to bough. It is amusing to witness the attempts the less agile make to follow their leader ; very often some of the last of the company hesitate about taking a daring leap, till the roremost are almost out of sight; then they are filled with despair at the prospect of being left, jump wildly into the air, and often fall to the ground. Their usual food consists of fruits of all sorts, buds and leaves; they seem to prefer the buds of the red Hibiscus even to bananas.
THE HULMAN.
This species, the HULMAN or Huneman of the Hindoos, Semmnopithecus entellus, is the Sacred Ape of India. As it is carefully protected by the natives, it is very common in lower India. The tail is usually about three feet long, the body about two. The hair is of a yellowish white, the hairless parts dark violet. The face, hands and feet, as far as they are hairy, and a stiff rim of hair projecting over the eyes, are black; the short beard is yellow.
The Hulman or Huneman monkey occupies a high place among the thirty millicn deities of the Hindoos, and has enjoyed this honor for countless ages. Huneman is said in their mythology to have liberated Sita, the wife of Rama, from the giant Ravan, and to have brought from the garden of the giant the luscious Mango. For the theft of the Mango he was condemned to be burnt at the stake, but Huneman extinguished the fire, burning thereby his face and hands, which have remained black
THE SACRED MONKEY OF INDIA. 43
among his descendants. A ruling family of Indian princes claim to be descendants of Huneman, and proudly claim the title of “the tailed Rama.” High is the honor still paid to this sacred ape. Death is the punishment of any violence offered to him; and the Hindoos allow him to rob their gardens or steal from their houses with impunity. In Benares the streets are full, the houses covered with these holy animals, and any injury provokes a tumult. Hiigel relates that a fakir called some of these apes to him, and then gave them nothing to eat; three of the oldest attacked him, he drove them off with his staff; the populace at once took the side of the apes, and gave the man a good beating. Bishop Heber relates that two English officers, who shot an ape near Bindrabund, were driven into the River Jumna and drowned by a fanatic mob of Brahmins and devotees. Great commotion was excited at Kish- nagur when, in compliance with a petition of the reforming party in India, the government destroyed five hundred of these larcenous deities.
Apart from their thievish propensities these apes are attractive crea- tures. A crowd of them will assemble, disperse with magical celerity, and ina couple of minutes reassemble. They mount with incredible speed to the tops of the trees, descend with equal swiftness, leap from tree to tree, and in a few minutes traverse the whole garden backwards and forwards without touching the ground. In youth their head is round, and they are easily tamed; but as the shape of the skull alters, their dis- position alters. The skull becomes flatter, the ape more brutal; he becomes dull instead of bright, violent instead of cunning, and has scarcely anything in common with his youth.
In the forests they form numerous bands under the leadership of an old male, under whose guidance they rob and plunder the neighborhood, or undertake distant expeditions. Strange tales are told of their wander- ings; they are said to visit at regular intervals of many years certain holy groves, stay there a few days, and then mysteriously return to their distant home. Wherever they appear they become an object of solicitude to the pious Hindoo. The sacred fig-tree is their favorite dwelling, and snakes their chief aversion. They are said to watch till the reptile is asleep, then seize it behind the head, and dash its brains out against a stone.
Like all the apes the Huneman is devoted to its young. Duvancel shot one that had its young in its arms. The dying mother collected all her strength, took the little one and placed it on a bough. “I could
44 QUADRUMANA.
not,” he adds, “master my feeling of repentance for having killed a crea- ture which even in death manifested the noblest and purest feelings.”
THE BUDENG.
The BUDENG, Semnopithecus maurus, called also the Negro Monkey, furnishes the furs which were so fashionable with ladies a few years ago. His hair is glossy black, on the hands and face like satin, on the back like silk. The head is covered with a peculiar cap of hair which falls over the forehead and grows down both cheeks. The length of the Budeng is about three feet, fully one-half being tail.
The Budeng is found in Java in troops of from forty to fifty. At the approach of man they raise a loud cry and spring madly into the trees, and hurl on the intruder broken branches. But they soon lose their fear. The sacred fountain of Progo has from time immemorial been fre- quented by a tribe of half-tame Budengs, never exceeding fifteen in num- ber, which come down from the trees on the approach of visitors, and surround them with an air of confident familiarity. At Amsterdam there were two Budengs which usually sat curled up together side by side, the hands crossed over the breast. Their grave appearance was enhanced by the thick mass of hair falling over the face. They came slowly to receive their food, but took it quietly and thoughtfully; their expression was sagacious, but not lively. They were terribly annoyed by two mon- keys of the genus Cynocephalus. These latter delighted in teasing the solemn Budengs, who at the sight of their tormentors embraced each other closely. The foes seemed to take a malicious pleasure in loosening this close embrace; they jumped on the Budengs, rode on their backs, pulled their tails and hair, and climbed over them as if they had been part of a tree; their cruel sport became more cruel when their hapless victims screamed out. A Budeng at Antwerp showed a similar timidity in the presence of the little Macacus, which kicked and cuffed him at its pleasure.
THE KAHAU.
The Prososcis MONKEY, or Kahau, Semmnopithecus nasica, (Plate. 11), is so called from his nose. This organ hangs down over the upper lip, and is a caricature of the human feature; it has the peculiarity of being very movable. The Kahau has callosities, and the tail is
THE ABYSSINIAN GUEREZA. 45
long. Its color presents a curious variety of hues. The hairs on the skull are short and thick, on the back of the head and on the sides of the face they are longer, and form a kind of collar round the neck. On these parts they are of a bright brownish red, on the back a brownish yellow, on the breast a light reddish yellow, on the extremities and tail, ash-gray, The Proboscis Monkeys live in Borneo, where, morning and evening, they assemble on the river banks, uttering howls which resemble in sound the word Kahau; they leap and climb with great agility. They are said to be difficult to tame, mischievous and savage, defending them- selves fiercely when attacked. The natives of Borneo affirm that when they leap they keep one of their hands before the nose, to save that prominent feature from injury. This of course is a mere fancy, but argues a belief in the animal’s sagacity. The natives furthermore believe that the Kahau is a man who has taken to the woods to avoid paying his taxes, and consequently they admire and envy him.
THE DOUC,
This monkey, Semnopithecus nemeus, is distinguished by the bright tints of his coat. The back, flanks, top of the head, and arms are gray, speckled with black; the thighs and the digits are black; the legs ana tarsi a bright red; the fore-arms, the lower parts of the legs, the but- tocks, and the tail are a pure white; and the throat is white, encircled with a ring of bright red, and the face is adorned with white whiskers. It is a native of Cochin China, and attains the height of four feet, but we know little of its habits in its state of freedom.
Il—GENUS COLOBUS.
The Colobus is an African representative of the Semnepithecus, and it obtains its name Colobus, or “ maimed,” from the fact that it possesses . only four fingers on the fore-arms. The body is slender, the muzzle short, the tail very long; and the species has no cheek pouches. Many of them are remarkable for the color and growth of their hair.
THE GUEREZA,
The GUEREZA, Colobus guereza, is, in the judgment of some ob- servers, the most beautiful of all the monkeys. Jt is a native of Abys- sinia, and presumably of other regions of Central Africa. On the body
46 QUADRUMANA.
the hair is like satin, and deep black in color; but a band across the forehead, the temples, the side of the neck, the chin, throat, a mane-like girdle extending from the shoulders across the loins, and the bushy tip of its tail, are white. Each hair is ringed with slender brown bands, is very soft and fine and of considerable length. The mane, if mane it can be called, running down both sides of the body, hangs like a silver mantle, and is an ornament of indescribable beauty, as the jet-black hair of the body is seen darkly gleaming through its silvery fringe, which is very long over the back of thighs. The length of the body is about two feet, that of the tail without the tuft a little longer.
The Guereza is found everywhere in Abyssinia south of North Lati- tude 13°, in a chain of highlands six to seven thousand feet above the sea level. It lives in bands of from ten to fifteen in lofty trees near the clear-flowing mountain-streams, and loves the neighborhood of the churches, which usually stand under the shadow of consecrated trees. The Juniper (¥uniperus procera) which grows there to a height that dwarts our pines or hemlocks, is a favorite abode. The Guereza is very agile, and, till he has experienced the violence of man, anything but shy; he creeps like a cat towards the disturber of his peace. When in flight he presents a spectacle of grace and beauty as he leaps from bough to bough, with his white mantle floating around him like the white burnous of an Arab chief over his charger. In contradistinction to other apes he is regarded by the natives as harmless, for he seldom injures the crops. The skin is much prized as an ornament of the shields of the native warriors; a skin is said to be worth six fat sheep.
Two species, Colobus ursinus and the Colobus satanas, need little men- tion. The former has a white tail, but the rest of the body is covered with hair of a dirty yellow mixed with black. The latter is entirely black, and is perhaps only a variety. Both these species are found in Western Africa.
[eX
ee
CHAPTER, Vi. BABOONS AND MACAQUES.
THE FAMILY CYNOPITHECIDA:—THE GENUS MYIOPITHECUS OR TALAPOIN—THE GENUS CERCO- PITHECUS—THE GUENONS—THE GENUS CERCOCEBUS OR MANGABEYS—THE GENUS MERO- PITHECUS OR GELADA—THE GENUS CYNOCEPHALUS OR BABOON—THE BABOON PROPER—THE CHACMA—ITS USE IN FINDING WATER—THE SPHINX—THE HAMADRYAD—ITS PUGNACIOUS DISPOSITION—DISGUSTING CHARACTER OF THE MANDRILL AND DRILL.
with cheek pouches, and the baboons. The scientific name
signifies “dog-apes,’”” but only some of them, the Cynocephali, have much resemblance to our domestic favorite. The genera of this family amount to Sever, which will be treated in this and the succeeding chapter.
“[« family of CYNOPITHECID& comprehends all the monkeys
I—GENUS MYIOPITHECUS.
This genus differs from the following genera by the development of the brain, the shortness of the muzzle, and the structure of one of the molar teeth. Inthe large ears and short face with an internasal septum it somewhat resembles the American monkey. There is only ove species.
The TALAPOIN, JZyiopithecus talapoin, is the smallest of the Old World monkeys; the fur is of a greenish hue, forming on the forehead a sort of tuft; the face is flesh-colored, the nose black, the whiskers yellowish. It is a very gentle creature, and exhibits in captivity intelli- gence and liveliness. It is a native of West Africa.
II1—GENUS CERCOPITHECUS.
To this genus belong many of the monkeys seen in zoological gardens or menageries, here and in Europe. Their generic characteris-
48 QUADRUMANA,
tics are a slender form and limbs, a depressed cranium, delicate short hands with long thumbs, a long tuftless tail, large cheek pouches, and large gluteal callosities. These are generally vivid, in some species very varied. About ¢wenty-four species are known, all natives of the tropical regions of Africa. They all choose for their abode woods near rivers; by preference in the vicinity of cultivated land. It is worthy of remark that this genus of monkey and parrots correspond not merely in form and manner of life, but in geographical distribution. Wherever in Africa these apes are found, parrots may be looked for; wherever there are parrots there Cercopithect are found. Between the two continual war is waged, the cause of strife being the tail feathers of the parrot.
The motives that incite the monkeys to pluck out these feathery trophies are twofold, each of them dear to the very soul of the mischiev- ous creature. The first and most obvious motive is that of sheer mis- chief, but the second is of rather a more complex character. When an immature feather is recently drawn from a bird, its quill portion is gen- erally soft, and filled with the material by which the feather is supplied with nourishment. The monkeys take great delight in sucking these soft feathers; and in order to procure a supply of this curious dainty, chase the poor parrots, even to the tops of the trees. At first sight, it would appear that the legs and arms of the monkey would have little chance of winning a prize defended by the beak and wings of the parrots, which sit exultantly screaming on twigs that bear their weight easily enough, but are too slender even for the monkeys to venture upon. But the restless vigilance and quick hand of the monkey often win the day; and while the parrot is shrieking defiance to an enemy in front, it is suddenly startled from its fancied security by the loss of its tail, which has been snatched away by a stealthy foe from behind. The deafening din which is occasioned by the joint voices of parrots and monkeys, may be easier imagined than described.
They are the most social and active of all apes. They live in large bands; they form a state of their own, and acknowledge no chief but the strongest of their fellows; they make themselves at home everywhere, and seem to pass their lives without fear of hunger, and in continual cheerfulness. Infinite frivolity and a ridiculous seriousness unite in all their actions. No object is too remote, no tree-top too high, no treasure secure enough, no property respected, when these apes appear. The traveler hears the calls of the ape leader, and soon his ears detect the
HABITS OF THE MONKEYS. 49
rush of the band through the leafy forest; he ther sees them running, clambering, playing, cleaning themselves, fighting; they never try to conceal themselves. A foray of these apes is a remarkable sight to an uninterested spectator. Under the lead of an experienced patriarch they make their approach to the cornfields; the females carry their young, who cling to their breasts, and at the same time take a turn with their tail round the tail of their mother. At first they are cautious. The patriarch goes first; the others follow step by step, and mount not only the same tree but the same branch as he does.
The leader sometimes climbs to the very topmost spray to get a good view of the neighborhood; if the prospect is favorable, a low gurgling note tells the good tidings to his subjects; if unfavorable, he utters a cry of warning. They alight from a tree near the field, and then with vigorous leaps advance into their paradise. Then their activity is pro- digious. Heads of corn, ears of millet are plucked, the grains picked out and placed in their cheek pouches; when these capacious receptacles are full, the band relaxes a little from its labors and becomes more fas- tidious in what it steals. They carefully smell the ears they pick, and if the odor is not satisfactory, reject them; of ten heads of corn only one is really eaten. Asa rule they take merely a couple of grains from each head and then the rest is flung away; they are fond of eggs and partial to honey.
When the troop thinks itself in perfect security in the cornfield, the mothers put down their little ones to play, but keep a sharp eye on them. All are careless except the leader. He, even in the daintiest repast, stops, stands erect, and looks around at short intervals. After each observation he utters his note of safety if nothing displeasing is seen, or an indescribable quavering note of warning if an enemy is in sight. When this last tone is heard, the band at once reassembles, the mothers call back their children, all are ready for flight, and hurriedly grasp as much food as they can carry off. If the danger presses they gradually unload, but do not part with the last of their burden till both hands and feet are necessary. Wide intervals from tree to tree, dense hedges, prickly thorns, are all unable to check their march. Their leaps are astonishing; in mid-flight they can change their direction by means of their long rudder of a tail; they leap from a tree-top to the earth, fly over the ditclres and with lightning-like speed up another tree. Their leader conducts them through all their operations with his voice, now bid-
if
5G QUADRU MANA.
ding them to increase, now to diminish their speed. With all this bustle there is no symptom of alarm or cowardice, but a constant display of per- fect presence of mind. Danger does not exist for them till man appears.
When the leader has satisfied himself by examination that his troop are once more in a sate spot, he utters his note of security. Then again his followers are busy; this time with ridding each other of thorns or splinters which have run into them during their flight. A monkey lays himself out at full length on a bough, another examines him carefully and thoroughly, every tangle is loosened, every thorn extracted, any vermin hunted out and eaten. These surgical performances over, the troop returns without delay to the field whence it has just been driven. Thus the natives can never leave their crops unwatched. No means are left untried to keep off their terrible enemies, but human resources and even charms or amulets are all in vain. ‘The apes,” said a venerable Sheik of the Soudan, “are godless and respect not the words of the apostle of God. Other creatures of the Lord respect his prophet, the apes scorn him. If you hang an amulet in your field, the elephant will not touch it. He is a just creature; the ape is a being changed by God's wrath from a man into a horror; a son, grandson, great-grandson of the evil one.”
The natives take them in nets; and it is easy to shoot them for one who has the heart. Brehm writes: “I shot one straight in the face; it fell from the tree, then sat up and without a cry or groan wiped away the blood trickling from its wounds in such a human fashion and with such noble, calm resignation, that I hastened to end its misery with my hunting-knife. From that day forward I have never shot an ape; the image of the dying creature haunts me; I felt as if 1 had murdered a man.”
These apes are too active for most beasts of prey; the leopard alone at times catches some unwary youngster. Birds of prey they repel by combined action. A hooded eagle (Spizaetos occipitalis) was seen to seize a young monkey. The little one held on to the branch with legs and arms, screaming. At once there was an uproar; the eagle was sur- rounded by ten big fellows who attacked with angry visages and fearful yeuls. The eagle soon dropped his prey, to struggle for his own safety; tne tail feathers and back feathers that began to fly were proofs that he found some difficulty in escaping. Birds’ nests the monkeys rob without mercy; but in searching for nests in hollow trees they display great
we
THE GREEN APES. 51
circumspection, lest a snake be in it; for snakes are an abomination to them. As to moral qualities, no two are alike; some are quarrelsome, some quiet, some morose, some sly, some cheerful, others malicious—all, however, love to guard, tend and cherish smaller animals.
THE GUENONS.
The GREEN APE, Cercopithecus sabaus, (Plate I1), attains a length of about forty inches, fully one-half being tail. The hair on the back is grayish-green, ringed and tipped with black ; that of the arms, legs and tail ash-gray, the short whiskers whitish; the nose and eyebrows are black, the face light-brown.
Another species called DIANA or Bearded monkey, Cercopithecus diana, is a small slender animal, conspicuous by its long beard on cheek and chin, and a white crescent on its brow. The color is mainly gray, the back a purplish brown, the beard and under side of the body white. The species cailed the Nun, Cercopithecus mona, resembles the apes just described with the exception of wanting the pointed beard. From this name Mona it is probable that our word “Monkey ”’ is derived.
THE WHITE-NOSE AND THE RED APBS.
The WHITE-NOSED MONKEY, Cercopithecus petaurista, is an inhabitant of Western Africa. It is a curious little creature, with an air of quaint conceit, for which it is indebted to the fringe of white hairs that sur- rounds its face, and the conspicuous white spot on the nose, which has earned for it the title of White-nose. As is so often the case in these animals, the under-side of the body and inside of the limbs is of a much lighter tint than the upper portions. This distinction is pecu- liarly well marked in the long tail, which is nearly black above, and beneath takes a grayish hue.
The Rep APE, Cercopithecus ruber.—This species, commonly called the Hussar, is by no means so amiable as those we have just men- tioned. It is nearly one-half as large again as the other species, the face is black, the nose whitish, the cheek whiskers white, the head is marked with a dark-red spot; the rest of the body is of a shining golden red color on the upper surface, but white on the inside of the limbs.
Re QUADRUMANA.
The Hussar ape extends from the West Coast of Africa to Abyssinia, but is much rarer than the Green apes. It is found in low thickets or tall grass, with which the color of its coat harmonizes. In character it is the very opposite of the Green apes. Its countenance is morose and unfriendly, and its actions do not belie its looks. Especially as it grows older, does its temper become more irritable; it never enters into friendly relations with other animals, not even with other apes; every- thing seems to annoy and provoke it; a look excites anger; laughter arouses rage and fury. Then it displays its immense teeth, and, if opportunity Serves, makes use of them on the observer. Kindness is thrown away, severity makes the creature worse. An adult Hussar ape has never been seen tame.
II—GENUS CERCOCEBUS.
This genus forms the transition between the Cercopithecus and the Macacus, and the name of MANGABEY is usually given to the animals embraced in it. They are almost the same size, and have nearly the same gait as the Guenons; but they are not so nimble. Their tail is long, and they usually carry it raised above their backs. Their habits differ but little from those of the majority of the Macacus, and they scarcely offer anything more distinctive in their character. All that can be positively asserted is that they are more gentle and familiar.
THE MANGABEYS.
The Moor Are or Common Mangabey, Cercocebus fuliginosus, is the best known representative of this genus. It attains a considerable size, a little over four feet, including two feet of tail. The color on the back is a dull black, on the stomach and the inside of the limbs a dirty gray. The face and hands are black, and a peculiar look is given by the con- trast of the upper eyelids, which are pure white.
The species Cercocebus collaris differs from the above by having the top of the head of a dark chestnut hue, the cheeks snow-white, the rest of the body a dull black. Both species come from the West Coast of Africa.
Among the peculiar habits which distinguish the Mangabeys, we may
THE ABYSSINIAN GELADA, 53
especially notice the action of their lips, and the mode in which they carry the tail. They have a strange way of writhing their faces into a kind of quaint grin, in which they raise the lips, and exhibit the teeth almost as if they were laughing. When walking, they have a fashion of turning their tails over their backs, and carrying them reversed, in a line almost parallel with the direction of the spine.
Few monkeys can assume more owtré attitudes than the Mangabeys, which seem to be, among monkeys, almost the analogues of the acrobats among mankind, and twist themselves into such strange contortions, that they seem to be able to dispense with the bones and joints with which other animals are furnished. They seem to be quite aware of their own accomplishments, and soon learn that their display will briaz in a supply of nuts, cakes, and fruit to their exchequer. So they keep a vigilant eye on their visitors, and when they conceive that they have drawn attention to themselves, they execute a series of agile gambols, in the hope of meeting the reward which sweetens labor.
The apes which we are now about to give an account of, are dis-
' tinguished from those already mentioned by possessing short tails, which
instead of being raised and carried over the back are usually pendent, and do not assist in the movements of the animal.
The name MAKAQUE or MACACO is given on the west coast of Africa to all sorts of apes; scientifically it is restricted to a numerous group of apes, distributed between Africa and Southeastern Asia, which forms Genus VL., in the following chapter.
IV.—GENUS THEROPITHECUS.
The GELADA, Cynocephalus gelada.—This genus is distinguished by receding nostrils, a bare spot on the neck and breast, a rich mantle, and a long tuft to the tail. It is a giant, and attains the height of a man. Its rich fur is dark-brown on the back of the head and back; the mantle and tail-tuft are yellowish-brown; the breast is a brownish-black; the face is black. The two bare spots on the neck and chest are triangular, the points turned to each other. The callosities are small and dark- gray.
A variety of this ape, called the Zokur Sinjero, is found in the same
54 QUADRU MANA,
regions of Abyssinia from which the Gelada comes. It differs in some slight respects from the latter, and is found only in bands of thirty or forty, while the Gelada lives in enormous companies, two hundred being only a very small troop. The Gelada sometimes comes down from the lofty mountain ranges, ten thousand feet above the sea-level, to seek his food in the low country. He then comes into contact with the Hama- dryad and a regular battle takes place, both parties using stones. They usually go on all-fours, but sometimes erect themselves, using the tail as a support. They never climb high trees.
V—GENUS CYNOCEPHALUS.
We now approach a class of apes, very remarkable but exceedingly disgusting, both in their appearance and their habits. They are the most repulsive and degraded variety of the Quadrumana; all grace of motion or form has vanished, all nobler qualities sunk into abominable and loathsome lasciviousness.
They derive their name of CYNOCEPHALI, or Dog-heads, from the position of the nostrils at the extremity of the muzzle, and the formation of the head and jaws. Unfortunately they do not possess the amiability and intelligence of the dog as well as the shape of his head. Next to the anthropoid apes, they are the largest members of the order. Their frames are square, their muscular force immense. The limbs are short and thick; the gluteal callosities attain a repulsive size and are of an intensely bright color.
They are distributed through Africa and parts of Asia, but the former continent seems their native home. They live in rocks, and avoid trees, which they only climb when compelled to do so. Their food consists of roots and fruits that grow on the ground, insects, birds’ eggs, snails, and the like. They do great damage to plantations and vineyards, and carry off the fruit to some inaccessible spot where they store it up for future use. They are said, in plundering a garden, to form a chain and pass the spoil from hand to hand. This is perhaps an exaggeration, but it is certain that they appoint sentinels to give warning of the approach of man; and these sentinels, if neglectful of their duty, are flogged to death by their comrades.
The distinguishing title of this genus is formed from two Greek
EY SAPAJOU
ONK
SPIDER M
THE BABOONS. 55
words, kyon, kynos, “a dog,” and kephale, “a head.’ They are large- sized animals, ungainly in shape, and possessed of great vigor. These various advantages, joined to their naturally brutal and ferocious dis- position, make them dangerous to man, especially when full-grown. They have the supra-orbital arch largely developed, deep cheek pouches, and all the limbs nearly of the same length. Their hands are well formed, and all four provided with an opposable thumb. In general the coat is long and woolly, principally on the upper parts of the body. The cal- losities, as well as their face, are often tinted with the most brilliant colors. Their senses are highly developed; that of smell is particularly delicate.
As they approach maturity of existence, their primitive qualities, their relative gentleness and intelligence, are changed into savageness and brutality. In all their desires they then evince an incredible degree of violence and impetuousness, manifesting their appetites by the most revolting acts and gestures. At this period of their life, they are really formidable ; for their upper canine teeth become transformed into long sharp tusks, which they use with such adroitness as to produce with them serious wounds. The dread they inspire in the countries they inhabit is such, that the natives will often permit their gardens to be ravaged by them in preference to running the danger of a conflict.
The Cynocephalus Monkeys almost exclusively inhabit Africa, a single species only being found in Asia. They live either in forests or low mountainous rocky localities, and subsist on fruits and insects. In captivity they are almost omnivorous.
The Cynocephali are sometimes found in innumerable bands in Sen- egal. A traveler in that country writes: “ We found every landing-place literally covered with monkeys, in parts crowded one against another; and as we passed, they saluted us with incredible gambols and furious barkings. In stating that this meeting-place did not contain less than six thousand Cynocephali, I believe I am not exaggerating.”
The Cynocephali proper are distinguished from the Mormon or Man- drill by the length of their tails.
There is a wild Arab legend told about them which is given in the Herat el Heiwan, or “ Life of Animals,” by Kemaledeen Demiri. ‘“ Once on a time there stood on the banks of the Red Sea a city, the name whereof was Aila. Its people were Jews. But these Jews violated the sabbath regularly by catching fish on that day. Pious men remonstrated
56 QUADRUMANA.
in vain, and when their words were unheeded, veiled their faces and left the godless town. Three days afterward they returned. They found the gates shut, but clambered over the walls, when they found them- selves surrounded by baboons, some of which came to them with sad looks, and fawned upon them with a piteous and imploring expression of countenance. The returned natives thought that these baboons, which seemed to recognize them, might be some of their kinsfolk; and when they asked, ‘ Baboon, tell me, are you Abraham, my brother's son, or my cousin Moses or Achmed?’ the creatures sadly nodded an affirm- ative reply.”
The first species, Cynocephalus babuin, (Plate II) possesses the name of BABOON far excellence, and presents characteristics that are typical of the entire race. There is great uncertainty about the precise differences between the several species, as travelers too often use the term Baboon to designate not only this species, but also the CHACMA and the SPHINX. All of them have very similar modes of action and habits. The baboon has smooth, even, short hair, of an olive-green, each hair tinged alter- nately with black and yellow, lighter in color on the belly, and a whitish- yellow on the cheeks. The face and ears are bluish-gray, the upper eyelids whitish, the hands gray, the eyes light-brown, They grow to the height of two feet, or two and a half measured from the shoulder to the ground, and a total length, including one-third tail, of nearly five feet.
The baboon abounds in Africa, and annoys the natives, especially the women, who go to get water. In their rocky fastnesses their chief foe is the leopard, of whom they are in great dread. Yet this animal never attacks either a band of baboons or even an adult, but confines its exertions to slyly stealing the young ones.
Bold as are these monkeys, they will not dare to follow a leopard into its den; so that, if their dreaded foe succeeds in once getting clear of their outposts, it may carry off its prey with impunity. The constant dread which the leopard seems to excite in a baboon’s mind appears to be occasioned by the stealthy craft and the persevering aggression of the animal, rather than by its physical powers alone. He is easily tamed, and becomes accustomed to man and most devoted to his master, soon recognizing any name given to him. He readily drinks wine or brandy, but rejects spirituous liquors.
A very quaint story is told of the same animal, which, if true, exhibits the strangest combination of cunning, simplicity, and ready wit, that
nn
ANECDOTE OF A BABOON. 57
ever entered the brain of living creature. At all events, if it be not true, it deserves to be so.
It appears that the baboon was so tame, and had proved so apt a pupil, that its master had taught it to watch the pot in which he pre- pared his dinner, and was accustomed to leave it in charge of the culi- ‘nary department while he was engaged in other business. One day, he had prepared a fowl for his dinner, and after putting it into the pot and the pot on the fire, went away for a time, leaving the baboon in charge, as usual.
For a time all went well, and the animal kept a quiet watch over the fire. After a while, it was seized with a desire to see what might be in the pot, and so, taking off the lid, peeped in. The odor that issued from the boiled fowl was gratifying to the animal's nostrils, and induced it, after a brief mental struggle, to pick just a little bit from the fowl, and to put the bird back again. This was done accordingly, but the experi- ment was so very successful that it was speedily repeated. Again and again was a morsel pinched from the fowl, until the natural consumma- tion followed—the fowl was picked quite clean, and nothing left but the bones.
Now came remorse and sudden fear, causing the wretched animal to chatter with terror at the thought of the scarifying which was sure to follow so grievous an offence.
What was the poor thing to do? Time was passing, and the master must soon return for his dinner. At last a brilliant thought flashed through the animal’s brain, and it immediately acted upon the idea.
Now, in order to understand the depth of the craft which was em- ployed, it must be remembered that the baboons are furnished, in com- mon with very many monkeys, with two callosities on the hinder quar- ters, which serve them for seats, and which are, in these animals, of a bright red color.
Rolling itself over and over in the dust, it covered its body with an uniformly sombre coating, and then, gathering itself well together, and putting its head and knees on the ground, it presented an appearance marvellously resembling a rough block of stone with two pieces of raw meat laid on its top. In those climates the birds of prey absolutely swarm, and, being encouraged by their well-earned impunity, crowd round every place where cooking is going on, and whcre they may have a chance of securing a portion, either by lawful gift’ or lawless rapine.
8
58 QUADRUMANA.
Several of these birds, among which meee some kites, being attracted by the scent of the boiling meat, came to the spot, and seeing, as they thought, some nice raw meat temptingly laid out for them, swept upon their fancied prize.
In a moment the baboon had sprung to its feet, and, with a rapid clutch, seized one of the kites. The cover was again taken off the pot, and the shrieking and struggling prisoner thrust into the boiling water in spite of its beak and claws. The lid was then replaced, and the baboon resumed its position of attention as if it had committed no offence.
THE CHACMA,
The CHAcMA, Cynocephalus porcarius, sometimes called the Ursine Baboon, but more commonly the Chacma, is a native of South Africa. It is considerably bigger than the common baboon, and is more power- tully built, while its color is darker. It is most frequently met with on Table Mountain, in the neighborhood of Capetown, and on the Draaken- berg range. Troops of from twenty to thirty individuals frequent the ravines and often enter cultivated grounds, where they commit the greatest ravages.
It is an accomplished robber, and baffles alike dogs and men. When young it is docile, and it can be taught to find roots or water, to blow the fire of a forge, or drive a pair of oxen. It possesses so acute a power of smell that it is almost impossible to destroy it by poison.
When the water begins to run short, and the known fountains have failed, as is too often the sad hap of these desert wells, fortunate is the man who owns a tame Chacma, or ‘“ Bavian,” as it is called. The animal is first deprived of water for a whole day, until it is furious with thirst, which is increased by giving it salt provisions, or putting salt into its mouth. This apparent cruelty is, however, an act of true mercy, as on the Chacma may depend the existence of itself and the whole party.
A long rope is now tied to the baboon’s collar, and it is suffered to run about wherever it chooses, the rope being merely used as a means to prevent the animal from getting out of sight. The baboon now assumes the leadership of the band, and becomes the most important personage of the party.
First it runs forward a little, then stops; get on its hind feet, and
A FAMILY SCENE. 59
.niffs up the air, especially taking notice of the wind and its direction. It will then, perhaps, change the direction of its course; and after running for some distance take another observation. Presently it will spy out a blade of grass, or similar object, pluck it up, turn it on all sides, smell it, and then go forward again. And thus the animal proceeds until it leads the party to water; guided by some mysterious instinct which appears to be totally independent of reasoning, and which loses its powers in proportion as reason gains dominion.
Captain Drayson, an English artillery officer, gives some interesting accounts of the Chacma.
“During the shooting trip with the Boers, I awoke before daybreak, and as I felt very cold and not inclined to sleep, I got up, and taking my gun, walked to a little ravine, out of which a clear, murmuring stream flashed in the moonlight, and ran close past our outspan. A little dis- tance up this kloof, the fog was dense and thick; the blue and pink streaks of the morning light were beginning to illuminate the peaks of the Draakensberg, but all immediately around us still acknowledged the supremacy of the pale moonlight. I wanted to see the sun rise in this lonely region, and watch the changing effects which its arrival would produce on the mountains and plains around.
“Suddenly I heard a hoarse cough, and on turning, saw indistinctly in the fog a queer little old man standing near, and looking at me. I instinctively cocked my gun, as the idea of bushmen and poisoned arrows flashed across my mind. The old man instantly dropped on his hands; giving another hoarse cough, that evidently told a tale of consumptive lungs; he snatched up something beside him, which seemed to leap on his shoulders, and then he scampered off up the ravine on all-fours. Before half this performance was completed, I saw that the little old man was an Ursine baboon with an infant ditto.
“A large party of the old gentleman’s family were sitting up the ravine, and were evidently holding a debate as to the cause of my intru- sion. I watched them through my glass, and was much amused at their grotesque and almost human movements. Some of the old ladies had their olive branches in their laps, and appeared to be ‘doing their hair,’ while a patriarchal old fellow paced backwards and forwards with a fussy sort of look; he was evidently on sentry, and seemed to think himself of no small importance.
“This estimate of his dignity did not appear to be universally ac-
60 QUADRUMANA.
knowledged ; as two or three young baboons sat close behind him watch- ing his proceedings; sometimes with the most grotesque movements and expressions they would stand directly in his path, and hobble away only at the last moment. One daring youngster followed close on the heels of the patriarch during the whole length of his beat, and gave a sharp tug at his tail as he was about to turn. The old fellow seemed to treat it with the greatest indifference, scarcely turning round at the insult. Master Impudence was about repeating the performance, when the pater, showing that he was not such a fool as he looked, suddenly sprang round, and catching the young one before he could escape, gave him two or three such cuffs that I could hear the screams that resulted therefrom. The venerable gentleman then chucked the delinquent o~ =r his shoulder, and continued his promenade with the greatest coolness; this old baboon was evidently acquainted with the practical details of Solomon's proverb.
“A crowd gathered round the naughty child, who child-like, seeing commiseration, shrieked all the louder. I even fancied I could see the angry glances of the mamma, as she took her dear little pet in her arms and removed it from a repetition of such brutal treatment.”
THE SPHIN&X.
The species, Cynocephalus sphinx, is less brutal-looking than the Chacma. It is smaller even than the baboon proper, but more power- fully built, its muzzle is shorter, and it is remarkable for a peculiar thickening on the cheek bones. Its hair is dark-gray and reddish-brown, or chestnut; the paws are darker than the rest of the body. In the prime of existence its colors are the lightest, but as years begin to lay their burden on the animal, the hairs begin to be flecked with a shght grizzle, and, in process of time, the snows of age descend liberally, and whiten the whole fur with hoary hairs.
THE HAMADRYAD.
The HamapryaD, Cynocephalus hamadryas—This baboon is remark- able for its form, its intelligence and its unamiable qualities; and from the peculiar length of its hair it has attained the name of Mantle Baboon. Like the common baboon it is frequently represented on the ancient monuments of Egypt, and was regarded as a symbol of the moon. Many
ANECDOTES OF THE HAMADRYAD. 61
little imag2s of the Hamadryad are to be seen in collections of Egyptian antiquities. The moon was supposed to have a powerful effect on this ape, which was said to hide itself and refuse all food during the dark phase of the moon. It is not now an inhabitant of Egypt, and perhaps even in the days of the Pharaohs was imported.
The Hamadryad inhabits the mountain ranges of Abyssinia and South Nubia as far north as the rains extend; water is a necessity for it. The troops at times descend into the foot-hills on the coast, but the bulk remains in the loftier mountains. Here each band occupies a territory of about two miles in diameter. Sometimes herds of fifteen to twenty are seen, but usually they reach the number of one hundred and fifty. Of these there will be ten to fifteen full grown males—monsters of great size with jaws that surpass in strength and length of teeth the jaws of the leopard—and about twice as many adult females. The face is a dull flesh-color, the gluteal callosities fiery red. The hair has the color of dry grass more than anything else. The old males have the mantle very long; a specimen, shot by Brehm, had hair measuring ten inches in length. This long hair is parted in the middle of the head, rises in bold sweeps to each side and stands out at right angles to the face, an arrange- ment which seems to have been adopted by many negro tribes. The tail is long, and ends in a tuft. Their dwelling-place is some inaccessible rock where caverns or holes afford good shelter, but they make con- siderable excursions in search of food. When undisturbed they keep silence; the approach of man provokes a cry of attention like the baying of a hound. If the approaching intruder seems dangerous, another cry is raised, more like the grunting of a herd of swine, through which the bellowing of a bull is heard. All the males fit for battle advance to the edge of the cliff and look to see what is coming. They have no fear of the natives, but are suspicious of white men.
Brehm relates: “ When the troop first caught sight of us, a repeated monotonous bellow was heard; the old ones turned their heads toward us, but the young ones still played about. Our dogs, however, replied to the bellow by giving tongue, and the apes took flight. To our aston- ishment we discovered them again at the next turn of the valley, cling- ing in some inconceivable fashion to a wall of perpendicular rock. We fired at them; a terrible uproar, bellowing, howling, roaring and scream- ing ensued, and the whole troop ascended the cliff as easily as if they had been on level ground. The dogs came upon them as they were
62 QUADRUMANA.
crossing the valley; as they ran up, the old males came down to meet them with grinning jaws, threatening claws, and flashing eyes. The dogs, courageous animals, accustomed to chase the hyena and to fight the wolf, were too glad to fly back to their masters. One young ape, half a year old, was cut off from his family ; the dogs had cornered him we were flattering ourselves that he would be caught. But a tall, pow- erful male appeared ; he advanced without noticing us or betraying any haste, proudly and with dignity walked straight up to the dogs, gave them a look of which they understood the meaning, and slowly reached the little one, which he carried off right past the dogs, who were glad enough to let him and his frvoteg¢ escape.” On another occasion, the same traveler and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and his party had a battle with these baboons. The aggressors had to change their position, as the apes hurled stones at them with dangerous accuracy. One old male was seen to climb a tree with a big stone in his hand, to get a better shot at the Germans. The valley was impassable during the fight, as the stones hurled down were larger than a man’s head. They will attack without hesitation opponents not armed with muskets, as Riippell athrms.
THE MANDRILL AND DRILL.
These animals are perhaps the most disgusting creatures of the whole animal world. They are distinguished physically from the other species of this genus by a very short tail, and both belong to Western Africa.
The MANDRILL, Cynocephalus maimon, is remarkable for the deep anakles, brilliantly colored, on each side of the nose. The surfaces of two unprepossessing projections are deeply grooved, and are of a deep blue tint, through which lines of scarlet and deep purple run. The end of the nose is fiery red. The gluteal callosities are of a vivid scarlet and blue, and are displayed conspicuously by the exact manner in which the beast carries his apology for a tail. The chin is decorated with a small yellow beard; the muzzle resembles a hog’s snout. Only the male man- drill possesses these hideous additions to his face. What is more remark- able is that these diverse colorations are not permanent, but disappear after or even during disease. They seem to result from a particular vascular injection, which acquires its maximum of energy when the animal is under the influence of violent feelings.
The Mandrill, when old, is vindictive and malicious. Even when
DISGUSTING CHARACTER OF THE MANDRILL. 63
taken young, and supposed to be tame, it should never be trusted, more especially in the vicinity of females. Captivity does not tone down in any way the violence of its character.
In its native country the Mandrill is hated and feared, and, unless in large numbers and well armed, the negroes hesitate about attacking them. Like other baboons, they assault human females, and even in cap- tivity the male baboons always make a great distinction between their visitors of either sex. Sometimes they are so jealous in their disposition that they throw themselves into a transport of rage if any attentions be paid to a lady within their sight.
This curious propensity was once made the means of recapturing a large baboon that had escaped from its cage in the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris.
It had already baffled many attempts to entice it to its home, and when force was tried, repelled the assailants, severely wounding several of the keepers. At last a ready-witted keeper hit upon a plan which proved eminently successful.
There was a little windew at the back of the cage, and when the keeper saw the baboon in front of the open door, he brought a young lady to the window and pretended to kiss her. The sight of this pro- ceeding was too much for the jealous feeling of the baboon, which flew into the cage for the purpose of exterminating the offending keeper. Another keeper was stationed in ambush near the cage, and the moment the infuriated animal entered the den, he shut and fastened the door.
Cuvier observes of a Mandrill that he studied: “It recognized cer- tain women in a crowd, and called them by voice and gesture, and there can be no doubt that, if it had been at liberty, it would have done them harm.”
Among these animals, there are some which preserve their docility for a long time. We have an instance of this in the one which was exhibited some time ago in London, and which in consequence of its intelligence acquired considerable reputation. This monkey, named Happy Jerry, seated himself with an air of hauteur in a carriage, drank porter out of a pewter-pot, and smoked a pipe with all becoming gravity. :
The DRILL, Mormon leucopheus, is smaller than the Mandrill, his hair olive-brown, the whiskers dirty-white, the face black, the hands and feet copper-colored, the callosities bright red. It was once thought to
64 QUADRUMANA.
be a young Mandrill, but its right to be a distinct species has been satis- factorily proved.
Of both these species we may truly say with Wood: “So odiously disgusting are the habits in which these animals continually indulge, that, as a general rule, their presence is offensive in the extreme, and excepting ‘or purposes of scientific investigation, it is better to shun the cage that nolds any specimen of these creatures.
“There are now and then exceptional cases, but they are few and far between; and it is hardly possible to watch an adult baboon for many minutes without incurring a risk of some shock to the nerves. Even their exceeding cunning, and the crafty wiles which are hatched in their fertile brains, cannot atone for their habitual offences against decorum,
GEAR TE VoL.
GENUS MACACUS—THE COMMON MACAQUE—THE BONNET APE—THE RHESUS OR BUNDER—THE LAPUNDER—THE WANDEROO—THE MAGOTS—THE GIBRALTAR MONKEYS—=GENUS CYNOPITHE- CUS—THE BLACK BABOON-APE OF THE: CELEBES.
VI—GENUS MACACUS.
HE general characteristics of this genus may be briefly sum- marized. A square body, the limbs moderately long and very
powerful. A muzzle as protruding as that of the Cercopithect, a facial angle of forty to fifty degrees, the nose prominent, the thumb short, the fingers long; the former on both the fore and hind limbs have flat nails; the latter strongly curved nails. The gluteal callosities are con- spicuous. The tail is of considerable length and strength; in some spe- cies it attains the length of the body, in others is very short. The hair of the head is in some species parted in the middle, in others falls down from the almost bald cranium like a peruke; in some the beard is want- ing, in others it is enormously developed.
In ancient times the Macaques extended over a great part of Europe At present the short-tailed varieties inhabit the North of Africa, China. and Japan; the long-tailed ones, the continent and islands of Southern Asia. In habits they occupy a middle position between the Cercopithect and the Cynocephali; like the former they are found in forests, like the latter in rocks; they are as amiable as the former in youth, as morose as the latter in advanced age. They readily endure captivity, and have brought forth young in zoological gardens.
THE MACAQUE.
The MACAQUE or Javanese Ape, Macacus cynomolgus, (Plate IT), is the best known representative of the genus. It has a body longer than the other species, a long thin tail, and hair parted or wig-like. It is most
9
66 QUADRUMANA.
near to the Guenons. It attains a length of four feet, including nearly two feet of tail. The beard or whisker is very short; in the male the hair lies flat, in the female it forms a kind of comb. The hair on the back is of a brownish olive-green, mixed with black, on the belly of a whitish- gray. Hands, feet, and tail are black, the face a bluish-gray, white between the eyes, of which the iris is brown. The ears are black.
The common Macaque is found in all Eastern Asia, and in very great numbers. These apes are very common in menageries, as nearly every ship from India brings some back with it. The Macaque in his native abode is social, living in bands of ten to fifteen members. They live chiefly on fruits, but have been often met on the sea-shore collecting crabs and muscles. A traveler in Java describes a scene he witnessed: “Chairs were placed for us in a grove which seemed to be the remnant of a forest. A hollow cane of bamboo was struck; this was the drum for the apes. The sound had scarcely ceased, when we heard a rustling in the trees, and more than a hundred gray apes sprang out. Great and small, old bearded patriarchs, lively young ones, mothers with their suck- lings at their breast, came out and played around us like old acquaint- ances. They were so free from all fear that they took from our hands the rice and provisions we had brought. Two splendid males opened the baskets our attendants were carrying, and helped themselves as it pleased them. They stalked about among the crowd of apes like haughty cavaliers, and were regarded by their fellows with great respect. Nor did they hesitate to enforce the respect due to them. If the crowd pressed on them, they laid about them lustily, and kept the rest at a distance till they had satisfied their kingly appetites. To each other they were studiously courteous. When we departed, the apes again dispersed into the wood.” The Macaque is not quite so agile as the Guenons, but in other respects resembles them. There is the same liveli- ness and cheerfulness, the same tenderness to the helpless, the same changeableness of temper. He is grateful for good treatment, and be- comes attached to his keeper or master. He is naturally very modest in his appetites—a piece of bread, a handful of corn, a branch with green leaves are devoured with satisfaction; he soon learns to eat fish. But when accustomed to the luxuries of the table he proves himself an epicure in his tastes, and soon learns to prefer spirituous liquors to any other beverage. They breed freely in captivity and are passionately fond of their young. On one occasion it was found necessary to clear a cage
ANECDOTE OF A BONNET APE. 67
full of apes, among which was a young Macaque that had been separated from its mother for several months. ‘he mother was in a cage whence she could see the other. When the keepers began to drive the apes out, she exhibited great anxiety, and uttered doleful cries when any one came near her little one. It was caught and returned to her; she at once embraced it and tenderly caressed it. They evidently had not for- gotten each other.
As a performing monkey the Macaque plays many roles, but is least often exhibited as a rider. He is easily taught; not so easily as the Sphinx, but more easily than the Magot; but he is of too volatile a dis- position to remember his lessons long without constant repetition.
THE BONNET APES.
The BONNET APES, JZacacus sinicus, the Mungas of the Indians, are less frequently seen. They are considerably smaller than their kindred, the body is slender, the muzzle is prominent, the hair on the head stands out like ravs from the centre of the head, the brow is bare, the coat pretty short, the color a greenish-gray, the green effect being produced by the black and yellow rings with which each of the hairs is marked. The hands and ears are black.
The Munga has a happy life in his native home in the woods of Mala- bar. The natives regard him as holy, and allow him the run of their fields and gardens ; nay, temples are built and orchards are planted to testify their respect.
The peculiar arrangement of the hair on the head from which this species derives its name of Bonnet Ape, gives it a very unique appear- ance, of which the animal is quite aware, and which it seems to love to increase by the frequent grimaces in which it indulges. A variety found in the island of Ceylon (Macacus pileatus) is a general favorite and pet of both the natives and Europeans. The serpent-charmers teach them to dance, and earn their living by exhibiting their tricks and antics, including in their attainments that of smoking tobacco. Most apes are passionately fond of inhaling this vapor.
Sir Richard Schomburgk tells in connection with a Bonnet ape a curious anecdote illustrative of the reasoning powers of the Macaque. A Bonnet ape had bitten his keeper, and was solemnly condemned’ to death. Next morning the keeper proceeded to the monkey-house with
68 QUADRUMANA.
his gun. The animals were all quite familiar with the sight of the weapon, which had often been used to kill rats and vermin near their house, and no alarm was created by its appearance in the keeper's hands, except in the breast of the criminal. The other monkeys sat still, but he hid himself in his sleeping-box, from which he refused to stir. When he was, after two or three fruitless attempts, tempted out by the offer of food, and the door of the box shut behind, he fully realized his position. He rushed to and fro, examined every corner of the cage to find a loop- hole of escape, and then flung himself on the ground to await the fate which he saw coming. His comrades showed no emotion, and watched with astonishment the terrified behavior of the condemned prisoner.
THE BUNDER.
The BUNDER, Macacus rhesus, is another sacred creature, exceedingly reverenced in India. It is of a powerful square figure, thickly haired on the back. His hide forms deep folds about his neck and breast; its color is greenish with yellow or reddish flocks on the buttocks, white on the belly; the tail is greenish on the upper, gray on the lower surface. The face, hands, and ears are copper-colored, the gluteal callosities bright red.
The natives of India pay the Bunder as much respect as is shown to the Hulman or Huneman already mentioned (p. 42). Captain Johnson gives an account of his own experience with them, which is here sub- joined :
‘At Bindrabun (which name, I imagine, was originally Baunder- bund, literally signifying a jungle of monkeys), a town only a few miles distant from the holy city of Muttra, more than a hundred gardens are well cultivated with all kinds of fruit, solely for the support of these animals, which are kept up and maintained by religious endowments from rich natives.
“When I was passing through a street in Bindrabun, an old monkey came down to the lower branches of a tree we were going under, and pulled off my Harcarrah’s turban, as he was running in front of the palanquin, decamped with it over some houses where it was impossible to follow him, and was not again seen.
“T once resided a month in that town, occupying a large house on the banks of the river, belonging to a rich native; it had no doors, and
RESPECT PAID TO THE SACRED APES. 69
the monkeys frequently came into the room where we were sitting, carrying off bread and other things from the breakfast-table. If we were sleeping or sitting in a corner of the room, they would ransack every other part.
“T often feigned sleep, to observe their manoeuvres, and the caution with which they proceeded to examine everything. I was much amused to see their sagacity and alertness. They would often spring twelve or fifteen feet from the house to another, with one, sometimes two young ones under their bellies, carrying with them also, a loaf of bread, some sugar, or other article; and to have seen the care they always took of their young would have been a good lesson to many mothers.
“T was one of a party at Teekarry, in the Bahar district; our tents were pitched in a large mango garden, and our horses were picketed in the same garden at a little distance off. When we were at dinner, a Syce came to us, complaining that some of the horses had broken loose, in consequence of being frightened by monkeys on the trees; that, with their chattering and breaking off the dry branches in leaping about, the rest would also get loose, if they were not driven away.
‘As soon as dinner was over, | went out with my gun to drive them off, and I fired with small shot at one of them, which instantly ran down to the lowest branch of the tree, as if he were going to fly at me, stopped suddenly, and coolly put its paw to the part wounded, covered with blood, and held it out for me to see: I was so much hurt at the time, that it has left an impression never to be effaced, and I have never since fired a gun at any of the tribe.
“Almost immediately on my return to the party, before I had fully described what had passed, a Syce came to inform us that the monkey was dead; we ordered the Syce to bring it to us, but by the time he returned, the other monkeys had carried the dead one off, and none of them could anywhere be seen.
“JT have been informed by a gentleman of great respectability, on whose veracity I can rely (as he is not the least given to relating wonder- ful stories), that in the district of Cooch-Bahar, a very large tract of land is actually considered by the inhabitants to belong to a tribe of monkeys inhabiting the hills near it; and when the natives cut their different kinds of grain, they always leave about a tenth part piled in heaps for the monkeys. And as soon as their portion is marked out, they come down from the hills in a large body, and carry all that is allotted for them to
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the hills, storing it under and between rocks, in such a manner as to prevent vermin from destroying it.
“On this grain they chiefly live ; and the natives assert, that if they were not to have their due proportion, in another year they would not allow a single grain to become ripe, but would destroy it when green. In this account, perhaps superstition has its full influence.”
Of course Europeans do not acquiesc: in the ravages of these apes with the equanimity or kindliness of the Flindoos. It is almost impossible to keep a garden when these divinities are about. To shoot them would provoke a riot and lead to murder as it often has done; to set a guard is useless, for the apes driven off on one side return on the other; fires, scarecrows and the like do not in the least intimidate them.
One Englishman succeeded in keeping the monkeys away from his plantation for more than two years, without using any violence, or offending the prejudices of the natives.
He had planted a patch of sugar-canes, and preserved his growing crops from elephants, swine, deer, and other animals by means of a deep trench surrounding the cane-patch, and a strong palisading of bamboos just within the ditch. But the monkeys cared nothing for moat or wall, and carried off whole canes in their hands, eating them com- placently as they proceeded to the shelter of the trees.
For a long time this state of things continued, and the planter was doomed to see the ripening canes devoured in his very presence, and the chewed fragments spit in his face by the robbers. This last insult proved too great a strain for his patience to endure, and after some thought, he hit upon a stratagem which answered even beyond his expectation.
He chased a flock of the monkeys into a tree, which he then felled ; and by the help of his assistants, captured a number of the young, which he conveyed home. He then mixed some treacle with as much tartar- emetic as could be spared from the store, and after painting all the young monkeys with this treacherous mixture set them at liberty. The parents ran to embrace their returned offspring, and carried them off to a place of safety. There the first care of the elders was to clean the soiled coats of the little ones, by licking off the mixture with which they were smeared. The treacle delighted them, and grunts of satisfaction testified to the pleasure they felt. But only for a time; the tartar-emetic soon began to work, and reduced the apes to a piteous condition. After this
THE WANDEROO. 7)
bitter experience they never came near the spot again, and left the Eng- lishman’s garden henceforth untouched.
The Bunder extends over a great part of the Indian continent, and is especially abundant in the valley of the Ganges. It is found too in the sheltered valleys of the Himalayas, and has been seen near Simla even in midwinter. But it prefers the thickets of bamboo which line the banks of streams. It swims well, and never hesitates, when pursued, about plunging into water and diving some distance. Its temper is irritable and furious, and grows worse with age; his courage, when roused, indomitable. Yet in spite of these bad qualities the Bunder is a favorite with tamers and jugglers; he learns easily, while the shortness of his tail admits of his appearing in ordinary pantaloons. They breed in captivity.
Many observers confuse with the Bunder a kindred species, Macacus erythricus, which is more slender, but taller, with limbs nearly twice as long as the Bunder’s. The two species are both Indian and resemble each other in color and habits.
THE LAPUNDER AND NELBANDER OR WANDEROO.
The LAPUNDER, Macacus nemestrinus, is commonly called the Swine- tailed ape from its short, thin tail. It is remarkable for the length of its hind legs. Its color is olive-brown; the face, ears, hands and callosities are of a dull flesh color. It is a native of Sumatra and the Malay Pen- insula, and it is said to be tamed by the natives, who train it to gather cocoanuts—a task it performs with great skill, selecting only those that are ripe. It breeds in captivity. The Zoological Gardens of Berlin possessed a young ape, the offspring of this species and the common Macaque.
The NELBANDAR, Macacus silenus, or Wanderoo of the Hindoos, is commonly known as the Bearded Ape. It is characterized by a rich full beard surrounding the whole face, and a moderate tail ending in a tuft. Its long hair is bright black, while the mane-like beard is white. It attains the length of three feet including ten inches of tail. It is a native of Malabar, not of Ceylon, and is very destructive to the gardens. The natives, however, value it highly, and train it to perform sundry tricks. It is good-tempered and possesses a good deal of sense. The Wanderoo, with his long white beard, is not unlike an old Hindoo. It is dignified,
@ — Mike a
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thoughtful, and careful, knows when it has done wrong, and expresses its sorrow with tears. Other apes exhibit the greatest deference to the solemn Wanderoo, and always behave well when in his company.
THE MAGOTS AND GIBRALTAR MONKEYS.
Another species, Macacus inuus, is in some respects the most inter- esting of the Macaques. It is the only one found in Europe, and the absence of a tail has led some naturalists to form it into a genus by itself. The name usually given to it is the Macor or Barbary Ape.
Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans under the name of Pithecus, it seems to have been the first monkey brought into Europe; Pliny speaks of one that could play draughts, and perform other human actions, and Galen is supposed to have based his anatomy on dissection of the Magot.
As the name Barbary Ape implies, they are natives of Algeria and Morocco. They live in numerous bands on the wooded mountains which intersect these countries, and make frequent incursions into the gardens of the unfortunate natives, pillaging the orange trees and the fig trees, as well as the melon and tomato beds. These depredations are carried on with much intelligence and great precaution. They dispose them- selves in échelon from the wall of the inclosure to a certain part of the garden, passing the plunder from one to another, as soon as collected by the most venturous. Two or three videttes, placed on an elevated spot, keep a lookout in the neighborhood. At the least sign of danger they give a cry of alarm, when the whole band quickly decamp.
When at liberty in its native lands, the Magot has a great predilection for hunting scorpions, insects, and similar creatures, and devouring them on the spot. It displays peculiar aptitude for discovering and pouncing upon its prey.
Scorpions and beetles are found in profusion under stones, logs, or in similar sheltering places, and are there secure from any ordinary foe. But the quick senses of the Magot detect them in their concealment, and the ready hands sweep away the shelter and make the insect prisoner before it recovers the sudden surprise of its violated roof.
To any ordinary animal the scorpion would be rather a dangerous prey, and would probably avenge its death most fully by a stroke of its torture-giving and swiftly-lashing tail. The Magot, however, has
THE GIBRALTAR MONKEYS. 73
hands which can overmatch even the scorpion’s tail, and no sooner is one of these baneful creatures brought to light, than the monkey pounces upon it, twitches off the poison-joints of the tail, and then, grasping the disarmed scorpion, eats it as composedly as if it were a carrot.
The enemies which these creatures hold in greatest dread are the climbing felidae; and on the approach of one of these animals, the colony is instantly ina turmoil. The leaders yell their cry of alarm and give the signal for retreat, the mothers snatch up their little ones, the power- ful males range themselves in battle array, and the whole body seeks a place of refuge.
The color of the Magot is a clear gray. The head is strong and heavy, the eyes deeply set, the neck short and powerful, the teeth sharp, the nails strong ; the face is always old-looking. It is not often seen in zoological gardens, but it displays in captivity a strong attachment to its master, and a fondness for nursing other animals, especially if they are young and helpless. It carries them in its arms, keeps their coats clean and free from vermin, and is jealous if interfered with.
Gibraltar is the spot in Europe where the Magots have been since time immemorial. Some writers suppose that they have been on the rock since the time when the Straits did not exist; the Moors assert that there is an underground passage between the Spanish and African shores which the Magots traverse. Most probably they were introduced by the Moorish invaders of the Peninsula. They live on the summit of the rock, and move about from place to place to escape the wind. Great care has been taken of them by the English authorities, and their numbers are reported to the Quartermaster of the garrison. In spite of all care, however, their numbers had dwindled down to ten in 1856, and ina few years had fallen to four, all of the same sex, and finally to three. Alarmed by this report, Brehm wrote to the English governor of the fortress, and had his fears removed by the following answer: “The num- ber of apes which at present inhabit the Rock amounts to eleven. As it has been found that they can easily find sufficient food on the rock, they are not fed, but left to themselves. The signal-man looks after them, and prevents them from being chased or disturbed. He keeps an account of them, and, as they are always together, is well informed concerning them and their movements.
“When and how they came to the Rock nobody knows, but the most
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opposite views are held. Six or seven years ago they were reduced to three; but Sir William Codrington, fearing that they would entirely perish, brought over three or four from Tangiers, and since then they have increased to the number above stated.”
Europe, therefore, has not yet lost her apes.
VII—GENUS CYNOPITHECUS.
This genus has one species, Cynopithecus niger, which is assigned by many writers to the genus MJacacus: it resembles the Macaques, and also has several characteristics of the Cynzocephali, and many naturalists follow Cuvier in classing it with the latter. Recent investigations, how- ever, have led most naturalists to make a separate genus of it as above.
It differs from the Dog-heads proper by possessing a very rudimentary tail, and in its muzzle, which is broad, flat, and, unlike that of the species in the genus Cyzocephali, does not overhang the upper lip. The face and callosities are bare, the body covered with long woolly black hair, which on the head grows pretty long, and forms a